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qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxclzxcvb market query tyuiop Amity University yuiopas dfghjklfghjklzx cvbnmqvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl securities industry Re essay ADL-10 Preface seek acts as a platform for all told the statistical manipulations and filtration of data and interpreting the results thereof, solving the break throughlined bother to be search upon.The role of measurement and statistics in social experience inquiry is handle sensitively and competently. The term look into basically refers to search of beledge is wide utili ze in the argona of Academics and dissimilar Industries as well. Our brain starts go bading and we feel that it is just aboutthing cerebrate to finding new atomic number 18as, collecting all related learnings and preparing a consolidated report.As the focusing students we are expect to sacrifice great knowledge and practice of these way outs. Hence before waiver into the technical knowledge of these bases lets beneathstand the basic centre of the impairment look into Methods. search Methods includes the concepts as they relate to a particular chink or theater of operations of inquiry is a ingathering of theories, concepts or ideas comparative degree cultivation of different approaches and critique of the individual regularitys inquiry methodology, as introduced in this book, is a means to understand the ways in which social science enquiry produces multiple calculates of the world. Further, methodology specifies how the exploreer may go slightly practically playing field of forceing whatever he or she believes enkindle be known. Regarding the organization, the orbit material consists of 8 chapters, well arranged in a coherent manner with an intention to serve as a find out material for MBA students.The different sections of this study material are invention to oral sex Methods, which basically describes the role of seek, the step in the do by considered carrying come in a seek, the different types of inquiry and brief information about ethics of a good explore. interrogation bother and look instauration, describing the concept, aspiration and grandeur of a investigate hassle, the steps involved in delimitate and selecting a look into problem meaning, assume, features and elements of a inquiry name and the various types.Methods of information Collection, plentiful out the introduction of two types of data-Primary and Secondary, their collection procedure and the di fferent methods and techniques used in their collection. Data mathematical processing and outline develops the understanding of collection of data, its army and outline. Measurement and Scaling techniques describes various types of measurement scales with the all important(predicate) scale spin techniques. sample invent helps to understand the concepts of sampling and types of Sampling. examen of Hypothesis go aways the expatiate concept about developing a venture, its testing using various tests and concluding the final result. Report constitution briefs various points to be kept in approximation while compiling a report. 2 Index commercialize lookADL-10 Sl. No. Chapter Page No. 1 Introduction to inquiry Methods 4 query puzzle and investigate 2 endeavor 11 3 Methods of Data Collection 22 4 Data Processing and Analysis 30 5 Measurement and Scaling Technique 38 6 Sampling innovation 50 7 Testing of Hypotheses 68 8 Report Preparation 93 9 observe to the End Chapter Quizzes 98 Bibliography 10 99 3 merchandise inquiryADL-10 Chapter 1 Introduction to Research Methods Contents 1. 1 Role of Research In calling Decisions 1. 2 Research Process 1. 2. 1.Selecting a Topic 1. 2. 2. literature see 1. 2. 3. Discussion with Informants and Interested Parties 1. 2. 4. Sampling 1. 2. 5. Formulating your hypothesis 1. 2. 6. Questionnaire Design 1. 2. 7. Field spiel 1. 2. 8. Data Processing 1. 2. 9. statistical Analysis (Hypotheses Testing) 1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results 1. 2. 11. Writing up The Results 1. 3Types of Research 1. 3. 1 searching Research 1. 3. 2 descriptive Research 1. 3. 3 analytic Research 1. 3. 4 causal Research 1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research 1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research 1. 3. 7 abstract Research 1. 3. 8 Modeling Research 1. 4 Criteria of good search 1. 5 Ethics of Research 4 Market Research ADL-10 1. 1 Role of Research in Business Decisions Research is a process of using the methods of science to the art of management for decision- devising. Every organization operates under some degree of un receivedty. This uncertainty fanny non be eliminated coply, although it can be minimized with the help of search methods. Research is oddly important in the decision devising process of various line of reasoning organizations.To choose the best line of action (in the light of growing competitor and increasing uncertainty) it is very important that peerless should be able to thrum ahead all the data, analyze it and pretend to the appropriate decisions. Research in commonalty context refers to a search for knowledge. It can excessively be defined as scientific and systematic search for gaining information and knowledge on a detail topic or phenomena. In management look for is extensively used in various field of operations. Research provides a make for your commercial enterprise sound decision making. in that respect are troika split involved in any of your systematic finding Implicit question posed, explicit upshot proposed and Collection, abridgment, and interpretation of the information leading from the question to answer Illustration. Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solvings making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last vigilantly testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis?. Market Research has become an important part in management decision-making. trade explore is a critical part of such a Market intelligence system it helps to improve management decision making by providing relevant, accurate, & quantifyly information. Every decision poses unique needs for information pull together finished marketing look.Thus, we can say that marketing look into is the dish that links the Consumer, Customer, and the public to the marketer through in formation used to pose and define marketing opportunities and problems Generate, Refine, and evaluate marketing actions and monitor marketing motion improve understanding of marketing as a process. 1. Research Process 1. 2. 1. Selecting A Topic Topic is related to the area of divert. 1. 2. 2. literary productions Search A research usageer should be aware of the trustworthy research in the related area and however scope of expansion. 1. 2. 3. Discussion with Informants and Interested Parties 1. 2. 4.Sampling (described in Chapter VI) 1. 2. 5. Formulating Your Hypothesis (described in Chapter VII) 5 Market Research ADL-10 1. 2. 6. Questionnaire Design -Translating the free quarrys of the study into questions that ordain obtain the necessary information. 1. 2. 7. Fieldwork Collection of data through questionnaire or interview 1. 2. 8. Data Processing code and inputting the responses 1. 2. . Statistical Analysis (hypotheses testing) 1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results 1. 2. 11. Writing up the Results- drawing conclusions / interpretations and relating the findings to other research. You will moderate been attached separate nones on report writing. 1. Types of Research A research can be classified as follows 1. 3. 1 exploratory Research 1. 3. 2 descriptive Research 1. 3. Analytical Research 1. 3. 4 Causal Research 1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research 1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research 1. 3. Conceptual Research 1. 3. 8 Modeling Research 1. 3. 1 Exploratory Research The Exploratory Research structures and identifies new problems it is an initial research which is normally un incorporated, ? informal? research that is sign upn to gain background information about the everyday nature of the research problem, without having any particular proposition end-objective.It is usually conducted when the tec does not k now much about the problem and needs additional information or desires new or more recent information. A research that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as umteen as relationships as practical in the midst of different covariants of the study. Ex Literature Survey, implement survey. 1. 3. 2 Descriptive Research Descriptive research is more located than exploratory research, this research carries out specific objectives and hence it results to a definite conclusion. Descriptive research is taken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how but not why.For example, it describes users of a product, determines the proportion of the universe of discourse that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product or describes the occurrent of a certain 6 Market Research ADL-10 phenomenon. As hostile to exploratory research, if you are doing descriptive research you should define questions, people surveyed, and the method of analysis prior to beginning data collection. 1. 3. 3 Analytical research This type of research is used where information is already available, and analyzes these to make a critical evaluation of the material. Analytical research takes descriptive research bingle stage however by seeking to explain the reasons behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships. Once causal relationships down been discovered, the search then shifts to factors that can be changed (variables) in order to curve the chain of causality.Typical questions in analytical research are What factors might account for the high drop-out rate on a particular degree political platform? Typical methods used in analytical research include picCase studies picObservation picHistorical analysis picAttitude surveys picStatistical surveys 1. 3. 4 Causal Research Casual Research seeks to find spring and affect relationships amongst va riables.It accomplishes this goal through laboratory and field experiments. 1. 3. 5 Quantitative Research This research answers the questions about data that can be measured in terms of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. 1. 3. 6 Qualitative Research This research involves analysis of data such as spoken language (e. g. , from interviews), pictures (e. g. , video), or objects (e. g. , an artifact).Answer questions about nature of phenomena in order to describe phenomena and understand it from the actors point of view. 1. 3. 7 Conceptual Research This type of research is related to some ideas or theory and commandly used by philosopher. 1. 3. 8 Modelling Research This type of research is related to business situation where business situation is formulated into different types of model. Ex-Mathematical model, framework models 1. 4 Criteria of good research 1 thing that is important is the research work and the studies meet on the common ground of the scientific method. One expects scientific research to satisfy the following criteria. 1. The shoot for of research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used. 7 Market Research ADL-10 2.The research procedure used should be described in satisfactory detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement. 3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to revert results that are as objective as workable. 4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural designs and estimate their effects upon the findings. 5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. 6. Conclusion should be considered to those justified by the data of the research and especial(a) to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. 7.Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research. In other words we can state the qualities of a good research as under 1. Good research is systematic it means that research is structured with qualify steps to be taken in a specific installment in accordance with well defined set of rules. 2.Good research is licit this implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and logical process of induction and deduction are of great value in carrying out research. 3. Good research is empirical it implies that research is related basically to one or more aspects of real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis for external validity to research results. 4. Good research is replicable this property allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby mental synthesis a sound basis for decisions. 1. Ethics of Res earch As a profound social activity, research connects us to those who will use it, to those whose research we used, through them, to the research that our sources used Hence beyond technique, we need to recover about ethics of civil communication. In addition to construction of bonds at heart any community, ethics deal with a range of virtuous and flagitious choices Research challenges us to define individual good principles Academic researchers are less tempted to sacrifice principle for a gain than commercial researchers. Plagiarism, claiming citation for results of others, misreport sources or invent results, data with questionable accuracy, destroy or dissemble sources and data important for those who follow beyond simple moral. Do not to what we should affirmatively do, i. e. concern for the integrity of the work of the community combined with narrow moral standards with the huger estimable dimension. Research done in the best interests of others is also in your own 8 Market Research ADL-10 End Chapter quizzes 1. Research, in management, forms a base for a) Gathering knowledge b) Interpretation of information c) Business decision-making d) Reaching to conclusions 2. In research process, what is the next step after delimit the problem definition? a) Determine the Sampling design b) analyse of Literature c) Hypotheses Testing d) Data interpretation and analysis 3. A research that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many as relationships as possible between different variables of the study, is known as a) Exploratory Research b) Analytical Research c) Quantitative Research d) Descriptive Research 4. Observations, human face studies and surveys are methods which are implemented under a) Quantitative Research b) Analytical Research c) Conceptual Research d) Exploratory Research 5.Mathematical and simulation models are examples of a) Descriptive Research b) Conceptual Research c) Qualitative research d) Modeling Research 6. Which statement, out of the following, doesnt cater to the Research Ethics? a) Concern for the integrity of the work b) Define individual moral principles c) Plagiarism d) Work community with moral standards 7.Research, seeking to explain the reasons behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships, can be defined as a) Causal Research 9 Market ResearchADL-10 b) Modeling Research c) Qualitative Research d) Analytical Research 8. A descriptive research describes the users of a product, determines the proportion of the universe of discourse that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product a) powerfully agree b) Agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree 9. Quantitative Research does not deal in a) Figures b) Amount c) Relationships d) Quantities 10. Complete the statementIn addition to construction of bonds deep down any community, ethics deal with a range of a) Sacrifice people for a gain b) Claiming credit for results of others c) clean-living and immoral choices d) Concealing objections that cannot be rebutted 10 Market ResearchADL-10 Chapter-II Research fuss and Research Design Contents 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 What is a Research occupation? 2. 3 How to Select the Problem 2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) 2. 3. 2 dictation of the Problem 2. 3. 3 Steps Involved In defining A Problem 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design 2. 6 various Research Designs 2. 6. 1 Research Design in subject field of Exploratory Research 2. 6. Research Design in consequence of Descriptive Research 2. 6. 2. 1 longitudinal Studies 2. 6. 2. 2 Cross-sectional Studies 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research 11 Market Research ADL-10 2. 1 Introduction Research forms a cycle.It starts with a problem and ends with a solution to the problem. The problem statement is therefore the axis which the whole research revolves around, because it explains in short the aim of the research. 2. 2 What is a Research Problem? A research problem is the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, complicated and ill at ease. In other words, it refers to some worry which a researcher experiences in context of a situation and wants to obtain the solution for the selfsame(prenominal).It is the line of descent of a problem area within a certain context involving the WHO or WHAT, the WHERE, the WHEN and the WHY of the problem situation. There are many problem situations that may give rise to research. Three sources usually stand to problem identification. Own experience or the experience of others may be a source of problem supply. A second source could be scientific literature. You may read about certain findings and notice that a certain field was not covered. This could lead to a research problem. Theories could be a third source. Shortcomings in theories could be researched. 2. How to Select the Problem The likely researcher should think on what caused the need to do the research (problem identification). The question that he/she should ask is Are there questions about this problem to which answers bugger off not been found up to the present? Research originates from a need that arises. A clear distinction between the PROBLEM and the PURPOSE should be made. The problem is the aspect the researcher worries about, thinks about, and wants to find a solution for.The think is to solve the problem, i. e. , find answers to the question(s). If there is no clear problem formulation, the purpose and methods are meaningless. Keep the following in mind pic Outline the general context of the problem area. pic Highlight key theories, concepts and ideas current in this area. pic What start to be some of the underlying assumpti ons of this area? pic Why are these issues set important? pic What needs to be solved? pic Read the subject to get to know the background and to mark unanswered questions or controversies, and/or to identify the most significant issues for further exploration. The research problem should be verbalize in such a way that it would lead to analytical thought process on the part of the researcher with the aim of possible concluding solutions to the say problem. Research problems can be stated in the form of all questions or statements. 12 Market Research ADL-10 pic The research problem should invariably be formulated grammatically correct and as completely as possible. You should bear in mind the wording (expressions) you use. Avoid meaningless words. There should be no doubt in the mind of the reader what your intentions are. pic Demarcating the research field into manageable parts by dividing the main problem into sub- problems is of the desi gn importance. 2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) Sub-problems are problems related to the main problem identified. Sub problems cling from the main problem and make up the main problem. It is the means to reach the set goal in a manageable way and tally to solving the problem. 2. 3. 2 Statement of the Problem The statement of the problem involves the demarcation and formulation of the problem, i. e. , the WHO/ WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY. It usually includes the statement of the hypothesis. 2. 3. Steps involved in defining a Problem 1) Statement of a problem should be given in broad general way For example in case of a social research it is advisable to perform some field operations, collect the survey, study it, and then phrase the problem in available terms. 2) Understanding the origin and the nature of the problem clearly It is essential to know the point of origin of the problem and discuss the problem with those who has a collapse knowledge of the concerned area. 3) Survey all the literature available and run into them before defining a research problem. 4) Finally rephrase the research problem in to a walking proposition. 13 Market ResearchADL-10 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem YES NO Is the problem of current interest? Will the research results need social, preceptal or scientific value? 1 2 Will it be possible to impart the results in practice? 3 Does the research contribute to the science of education? 4 Will the research opt new problems and lead to further research? 5 Is the research problem important? Will you be proud of the result? 6 Is there enough scope leftfield within the area of research (field of research)? Can you find an answer to the problem through research? Will you be able to handle the research problem? 7 8 Will it be practically possible to undertake the rese arch? 9 Is the research free of any ethical problems and limitations? 10 Will it have any value? Do you have the necessary knowledge and skills to do the research? Are you qualified to undertake the research? 11 Is the problem important to you and are you motivated to undertake the research? 12 Is the research viable in your situation? Do you have enough cadence and energy to complete the project? 13 14 Do you have the necessary funds for the research? 15 Will you be able to complete the project within the time available? Do you have access to the administrative, statistic and computer facilities the research necessitates? 16 TOTAL 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design A research design is the plan or strategy, which helps in arranging the resources compulsory for research purpose. It acts as a path or blueprint for the researcher. In other words, it is the advanced planning of the steps to be adapted for collection of relevant data and techniques to be used in their analysis holding different time and budget constraint in mind.Along with the population to be surveyed, size of sample, tools for analyzing data, interpretation of data, it also includes the budget and the time constraints too. 14 Market Research ADL-10 The Design decision is in respect to following terms What is the study about? Why to study a particular topic? Where the study will be conducted? Techniques to collect the relevant data? What will be the sample design? How will the data be analyze? What is the time required? What is the allocated Budget? Need for Research Design It helps for a smooth running of various research operations thereby making the research efficient, gaining maximum information with the minimum expenditure of time, effort, and money. The Research Design is divided into following parts- ResearchDesign Operational Design Sampling Design Observation al Design Statistical Design (Sub-divisions of a Research Design) Sampling Design It deals with method of selection of samples to be collected /observed for a given study. Observational Design It deals with the constraints and exceptions under which the observations are to be made. Statistical Design It deals with the editing, coding and analysis of the data gathered. Operational Design It deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in the above designs can be carried out. 15 Market Research ADL-10 Features of a Good Design It should define the objective of problem to be studied It should minimize the biasness and maximize the reliability of data It should give smallest experimental error It should be flexible enough to permit the experimental condition of many different aspects of a phenomenon. Elements of a Research Design The important elements of a research desi gn are pic Introduction The Research final cause should define the research problem and the researchers detailed interest in studying it. In other words it deals with the scope of study. pic Statement of the problem It includes the formulation of problem which actually explains the objective of research. pic Literature Review It includes a review of different literatures and articles related to objective of study. It is performed to get all the informations and researches done on the topic earlier. pic Scope of hear A complete study of any problem is difficult to study as it would entail an overwhelming amount of data.Therefore, the scope and dimensions of the study should be delimited with reference to its depth, length, and geographical area to be covered, reference finis, respondents to be studied and many other different issues. We should consider the time frames obstinate for the study and should finish it within the same tome slot. pic Objective of Study The questions to which the researcher proposes to seek answers through the study, comes under objectives. It should be stated clearly. For example I.To study the nature of II. To investigate the impact of .. III. To examine the nature of relation between and IV. To identify the causes of The objective statements should not be vague like ? to explore unemployment in India? pic Conceptual Model After completing the above steps the researcher formulates and develops the structure of relationships among the variables under investigation. pic Hypotheses A hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. They refer to different possible outcomes. 16 Market Research ADL-10 pic Operational definition of concepts It involves the different techniques used in exploratory and descriptive research in operational terms. pic Significance of study It is a careful statement of the value of the study and the possible appli cations of its findings which helps to justify purpose of study, its importance and social relevance. pic Geographical area to be covered The territorial area to be covered depends on the purpose, nature of study and availability of resources. It should be decided and specified in the research plan. pic Reference Period This refers to the time period of which the data is analyzed. Also it depends on the availability of data. pic Sampling picture It is the study that requires collection of data from the fields, then we should decide the population to be selected for study and the sampling design. pic Tools for Gathering data Personal and Telephonic Interviews, Questionnaire, checklist are different tools for data collection. pic Plan of Analysis This includes the statistical techniques used for editing, coding and analysis of data. pic Chapter Scheme The chapter scheme of report or dissertation should be prepared to give the outlines and the s tudies of the research conducted. pic sentence Budget The time period of research should be decided in advance and the research work should not exceed the time limits. This leads to loss of resources and extra cost is involved. pic fiscal Budget The cost of the project includes major categories like salary, printing, stationery, postage, travel expenses and so forth 2. 6 Different Research Designs 2. 6. Research Design in case of Exploratory Research -It is also termed as Formulative Research Studies. In this case we do not have enough understanding of the problem. Its main purpose is more precise investigation about the objective of study. It is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems they will meet during the study. by dint of this the researcher develops more clear concepts, setes priorities, develop operational definitions also. This means that a general study will be conducted without having any end-objective ex cept to establish as many relationships as possible between the variables of study.The Research Design in such studies must have inbuilt flexibility because the research problem broadly defined initially, is transformed into one with more precise meaning. This type of research lay the foundation for formulation of different hypotheses of research problems. It involves the study of 17 Market Research ADL-10 secondary data. It rarely involves structured questionnaire, large samples and probability sampling plans. Different types of Exploratory Research pic Literature Survey It is a study involving a collection of literatures in the selected area in which the researcher has limited experience, and critical examination and comparison of them to have better understanding. It helps in updating the past data related to the topic of research. It also helps in formulation of relevant hypothesis if it is not formed. pic Experience Survey It is a survey of experiences of experts/specialists related to the field of research which acts as a database for future research.This helps in generating ideas with minimum data collection. The decision making in the probabilistic situations is a complex process therefore the study of the experiences of the executives/researchers can be carried out using experience survey. Bidding of Tenders, applied science forecasting, Manpower and Materials planning, Production Scheduling, Portfolio Decisions etc. are examples of experience survey. 2. 6. 2 Research Design in case of Descriptive Research It is carried out with specific objectives and hence a definite end-result.It is structured research with clearly stated hypothesis or investigative questions. It deals with describing the characteristics associated with the population chosen for research, Estimates of the proportions of a population that have these characteristics and discovery of relationship among several variables. It is based on large representative samples. The design in such studies must be rigid and focus attention on the following What is the study about and why is it done? Designing methods of data collection. Selecting the sample. Processing and analysis of data. Interpretations of Results. Budget and Time Constraints. For example to describe characteristics of consumers, sales people, market areas or organizations. 2. 6. 2. 1 Longitudinal Studies Longitudinal studies are time series analyses that make repeated measurements of the same individuals, thus allowing you to monitor behavior such as brand switching. However, longitudinal studies are not necessarily representative since many people may refuse to participate because of the commitment required. 18 Market ResearchADL-10 cross-sectional analysis is a cohort analysis, which tracks an aggregate of individuals who experience the same event 2. 6. 2. 2 Cross-sectional Studies Cross-sectional stud ies sample the population to make measurements at a specific point in time. A special type of within the same time interval over time.You can use age group analyses for long forecasting of product demand. 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research -When it is necessary to determine that one variable determines values of other variables, causal research design is used. Thus the relationship between different variables is established. It is a research design in which the major emphasis is on determining a cause-and-effect relationship. When we start the research work it is not necessary that only one type of research is used, we can use a combination of two or all the three types of research. Also research is an unending process, so there may be a clue left, which can initiate a research objective for other researchers. 19 Market Research ADL-10 End Chapter Quizzes 1. For an appropriate research, there should be a clear distinction between a. Methods and Tools b. Purpose and Techniques c. Problem and Methods for implementation d.Problem and Purpose ** 2. Which one of the following does not state the components of a research problem? a. An individual or group having some difficulty b. There shouldnt be any doubt in the mind of researcher with regard to selection of alternatives** c. There must be some environment to which the difficulty pertains d.There must be some objectives to be unwrap