Classical music Essay

It is Saturday March 1 2008 and I have woken with an excited feeling in my stomach. Today, I am being treated to something I have never experienced before and I am looking forward to what is in store. My father, is taking me to a classical concert. I am 18 years old and big band music is not really my style, I appreciate music but of the modern variety rather than the old school kind. My father loves classical music and plays it constantly in his study. His favourite composer is Leonard Bernstein so it is today, with great animation, he is taking me to encounter his love of this music. We are attending the Waukegan Concert Chorus which is at 624 Douglas Ave, Illinois, the concert is a tribute to Bernstein & Williams; namely, In Remembrance of Bernstein & Williams. My father assures me that although my liking of music may not be to his taste, I will go away from the concert feeling uplifted and appreciative of what I have heard. Our journey takes us to Waukegan during the early evening and as we approach the venue I can feel a buzz in the air. Other attendees are heading towards the seating area and as my father and I locate where we are sitting, I am somewhat satisfied that we have seats near to the front. My father explained in the car, on the way, even though it is the music you are listening to, it is also just as important to watch the performance. Before me is a huge orchestra; perhaps the biggest I have ever seen, not that I have seen many. There is a plethora of various noises coming from the ensemble and as each musician tunes in their instrument and plays small excerpts from their music stand, it is perhaps unbelievable that any kind of harmony will occur at all. However, the moment the conductor enters the room, there is an eerie silence, almost as if someone had turned the musicians off by a control button. The conductor is a gentleman who turns to his audience and bows his head, turning and repeating this gesture to his orchestra. As the first piece of music is played I feel myself vibrating with the enormity of the noise. For many years I have heard my father’s classical records being played from behind the study door but to be present at a live performance was truly exhilarating. One of my favourites in terms of familiarity was West Side Story. The introduction sounded amazing; upbeat and vibrant, the instruments seemed almost alive. Even closing my eyes, which I actually did, I could hear each piece of equipment as it was used. The brass and woodwind instrumentalists brought intrigue and manoeuvre to the story of the piece being played whilst the drums added the extra element of spirit in the arrangement. Despite the variety of instruments played and the different roles they played within the piece, the unity came together with such an intensity, I was taken aback by its impact. The formation and structure of the concert allowed me to lose myself within the music, it was almost as if I were watching the musical itself. This perhaps was the purpose of the concert itself, it worked with an effortless outcome. As the flutes and violins played ‘I Feel Pretty’, I felt almost compelled to stand up and sing as the notes poured through the air. The tempo was light in places and amplified in others; the exaggeration of drama was as apparent as the subtlety of tenderness applied to the nature of the story. Its volume was deafening yet tolerable as each instrument alerted itself naturally within the composition. On occasion I did look around at other spectators, like moths to a flame, transfixed faces and total satisfaction and appreciation of what was before and around them. I did relate to this. As the concert came to an end, I did feel somewhat saddened that it was all over. The climax of the music was a crescendo of brilliance and I am pleased to say, my father’s original prediction of how I would feel, was absolutely correct. I felt euphoric and inspired by such a performance. I had attended the concert with an open mind and allowed myself to absorb the instruments intentions; I felt all the raw emotions of West Side Story and even the pieces of music played I had heard for the first time, still brought me a sense of appreciation.

Economic Growth in Korea

The rapid growth and development in the newly industrialising economies (NIE†s) in recent decades has been nothing short of spectacular. Now among the world†s most dynamic industrialised economies, the NIE†s of Singapore, Taiwan Hong Kong, and South Korea which will be the focus, stand as perhaps the best examples of successful economic development. The economic development of South Korea, which has been among the most rapid in the world is typical of the ‘miracle† that is the NIEs. Korea has come far since the days it was ‘a nation of hungry rice farmers†, by pursuing an industrialisation-led development commitment since 1961, which has since produced annual GDP growth of 8.4% per annum, second only to China. The success of South Korea, has been identified by a number of factors including the shift away from import substitution strategies towards export orientated industrialisation, and the effective managing of the economy and authoritarian rule adopted by the government in order to accelerate the pace of capital accumulation, technical progress and structural change to produce economic growth beyond what could possibly occur in a free market economy. NIEs, South Korea, are now recognised as ‘export machines† boasting some of the highest trade/GDP ratios in the world. International economic relations began in 1964 with the recognition of these limitation of the domestic market and the ineffectiveness of pursuing substitution industrialisation strategies. As part of its new strategy for export expansion the South Korean government introduced new measures which included the devaluation of the won, which improved the competitiveness of its exports and introduced incentives designed to channel resources into export-orientated industries. Exporters were also supported by direct cash payments, permission to retain foreign exchange earnings for the purchase of imports, and the exemption from virtually all import controls and tariffs. The government in consultation with firms, set up export targets for industries as well as individual firms. These targets appeared to have influenced firm behaviour and supporting this claim was from between 1961 and 1973 the volume of exports increased at an annual rate of 35% and today continues to consistently rank in the top twenty trading nations. Over the last 30 years the share of manufactures in total exports has increased from 12% to 95%. Furthermore the manufactures exported have themselves changed with more advanced products, led by electronics dominating the list of major exports and hence the importance of the Samsung and Lucky Goldstar to the Korean economy. The direction of trade has also changed somewhat, where South Korean exports went largely to the USA and imports came from Japan, Asian countries excluding Japan are now South Korea†s major trading partners. The importance of China is also becoming of increasing significance. South Korea†s economic success as noted can also be contributed to the high levels of savings and investment. South Korean†s save about 35% of GNP and thus sustainable economic growth has been driven by capital stock accumulation and expanded productive capacity. Indeed some figures show up to 60% of economic expansion in South Korea is a result of capital accumulation and increase infrastructure. Undoubtedly one of the most important rationalisations for economic success is effective government intervention. Selective government intervention has promoted the development of new industries, many of which have become internationally competitive and also supported and advanced the growth of the private sector. The main aim of the government in South Korea has been to ensure that the behaviour of individual business accorded with the long term interest of the business class as a whole, and while applying authoritarian rule recognising when it was time to allow the market to operate on its own. Apart from the macroeconomic management, government in the NIEs have also sought to accelerate the pace of capital accumulation, technical progress and structural change beyond what would have resulted from â€Å"laissez-faire.† All NIEs pursued trade policies, supporting industrial deepening and the development of national firms with selective incentives to promote exports. In South Korea for example, the government gave Chaebols preferential access to bank loans, relying on them to develop heavy and chemical industries capable of competing internationally. Indeed four decades of industrial development in South Korea have been marked by what have been marked as ‘incestuous ties† between big business and government. In recent times government has been hostile to the conglomerates but the appointment of Mr Kim Suk Won to the ruling party has reopened an old wound over the role of big business and politics in South Korea. The role of the Chaebols in the Korean economy was a substantial reason for Korea†s success over the last 40 years. The Chaebols are the large multi-company family owned business entities which are both horizontally and vertically integrated. Examples include Samsung, Hyundai, Lucky Goldstar and Daewoo, which together account for over half the total output. The Chaebols have played a major role in the economic development of Korea. They were given preferential access to bank loans and were relied upon to develop the HCIs (as they had the resources and ability to compete in foreign markets). Indeed, the period of the HCIs drive marked the most rapid expansion of the Chaebols. The Chaebols engaged in fierce and even ruthless competition with one another on the many fronts of industry, with at least 4 or 5 competitors in each industry, which all contributed to the economic expansion of the economy. The government in South Korea, as well as other NIEs has supported a technology policy. By providing a favourable tax environment, government has indirectly encouraged business research and development expenditure. The Korean government for example grants a tax credit equal to 10% of capital expenditures. Current policies are aimed at achieving a 5% share of research and development expenditure in total GNP by 2001. The government has also aided fundamental technological development in advanced materials, advanced vehicle technology, bio materials and nuclear reactors. The role of the government in South Korea was also to provide these financial incentives to promote the development of particular industries. Interest Rates for example were kept generally low and stable in order to reduce the cost of investment. Designated industries received priority in allocation of bank credit, state investment funds and foreign exchange, The government in South Korea deliberately distorted prices and incentives as to improve the market outcome and accelerate economic growth. The government in South Korea also actively pursued competition policies. This intervention works both ways. In other words competition policy restricted the competition or promoted competition policy in the areas depending on the circumstances. In South Korea the government granted exemptions to conglomerates from laws governing monopolistic practices. Competition policy has been married with industry policy. In this the role of government has been limited with government policy interacting with the competitive strategies of private firms. Governments in the NIEs have been remarkably stable. This has had obvious benefits on the economy. There is no standard formula for government in the NIEs and there are differences between them across nations. Singapore for example has a paternalistic government whilst Hong Kong is essentially â€Å"laissez-faire† Stability is the only real link between governments of the NIEs. As the South Korean economy reached a more mature stage of economic growth problems regarding the structural change in the economy began to surface. The agricultural sector in South Korea for example is now only a third of its original size. Most notably there has been a marked shift to the tertiary sector. There has been obvious problems and challenges resulting from this. Most notably rapid growth has brought about labour shortages in key sectors such as electronics, heavy machinery and shipbuilding. Such shortage of labour in which employers have noone to fill vacancies made by expanded productive capacity will threaten South Korea†s booming exports, which is seen as the vehicle for growth in South Korea. The problem is further compounded by an increasing reluctance among school leavers to ‘dirty their hands† in industry and the inability and unwillingness to attract foreign labour. After growth and development in South Korea for so long was driven by government intervention one of the most important challenges facing the matured economy was for the government to relinquish much of its influence over the economy and to allow market forces to operate effectively. If South Korea is to continue to growing as a truly advanced industrialised nation then obviously the market mechanism will have to be let to operate freely. This will take time and cause and also cause relative social unrest. As the South Korean economy has reached a mature stage, it has recognised the old regulatory environment that led to high levels of inputs especially in manufacturing sectors but low levels of productivity must change. In manufacturing, Korea has massively invested in the best available technology but because of protectionism and poor corporate governance in banks and companies, it was not forced to adopt the best managerial practices. As a result labour and capital productivity are in most manufacturing sectors less that 50% of US levels and thus must be one of the challenges for future success of the Korean economy. Other challenges that Korea has had to face, continues to face, and must overcome are the consistent current account deficits (CADs) and foreign debt which may put a constraint on South Korea†s future economic performance. South Korea†s economy relies heavily on high exports and thus is susceptible to global fluctuations. Secondly there is a pressing need in South Korea to use imports more efficiently. Furthermore, the greatest of the challenges Korea has had to face to date was the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997. Up to this point in time many economists looked favorably upon the economic fundamentals of Korea. However, due to excess short term debt over the long term debts, excess debt over equity and the generating of wealth through asset price bubbles, which was clearly unsustainable, these vulnerabilities only required a small shock which was initiated by the devaluation of the Thai baht in July 1997. As an advanced economy, South Korea now needs far more than simply hard work and determination to succeed in this new century, Companies in South Korea need to keep ahead of the profound social, economic and political transition. It is the inherent need for human capital that drives much of South Korea†s business and government spending. Many would agree that a well educated workforce is paramount to future success. In the future, South Korea will need to reform its financial sector, remove the burden of excessive business regulation, provide a more favourable environment for foreign investment and restructure its economy away from declining manufacturing and agricultural industries towards services and sophisticated manufacturing. The prospects for continued economic growth hinge on the success of the aforementioned drivers for economic growth. Deregulating services in addition to lowering barriers to imports, allowing FDI (which can reduce the risks of future financial crisis in the medium and long term) and improving corporate governance would be the key to restoring strong growth in Korea. This reduction would come mainly because fair competition with best practice together with more careful bankers and demanding shareholders would force Korean manufacturers to improve their return their return on investments. In an increasingly globalised economy higher productivity in manufacturing and low import barriers would allow domestic competition to increase due to lower prices. Opening the domestic market would not lead to an increase in the trade deficit or external debt as higher capital productivity would reduce the need to import capital. In overall terms, prospects for South Korea†s economy are favourable, but the high rate of success from the growth performance in the 1980†³s will be difficult to replicate. The next phase of the Asian miracle that will involve China emerging as the world†s largest economy within 10 years and the re-emerging Japanese economy will provide substantial benefits for the Korean economy. Some important strengths of the economy include: a well educated and motivated workforce, a growing level of R&D, continued rates of high savings, greater regional trade links and potential for domestic growth through increased infrastructure investment, housing and personal consumption. In summation, South Korea is an economy which initially through selective government intervention and now through domestic and international reforms, sped to economic might. Although there are many challenges in the longer term making South Korea†s future uncertain, (including the reunification with the ailing, unstable North) the fact South Korea has come so far argues well for the future. If South Korea can make the necessary changes to its economy to become a sustained industrialised nation then it will certainly take its place as an economic leader in the near future.

Assignment of Applied Linguistics

Teaching is that profession where the success of the teachers depends on the ability of the students. As we know that every good teacher knows that all students do not learn in the same way every student learns at different speed and reacts differently. So, teacher should be focused on, that every student gets a chance to learn and for that, teacher should be creative in using different kinds of teaching method. They have to choose a suitable method to convey the knowledge because they will find different situation and different students in the class. Generally, students would not be able to believe that they could be successful in learning language. This lack of motivation has made students do not have confidence to speak in the target language because they do not want to make any mistake. Moreover, they find difficulties to recollect the previous lesson, such us memorizing the new vocabularies. This situation encourages teacher to be creative and to use an effective method on teaching. In addition, students have different type of learning style. They learn through their own learning styles which are visual, auditory style. Those who are visual learn trough seeing and they need to see the teacher’s body language and learn best from visual displays. Then, those who are auditory learn through listening and they learn best through verbal lectures, discussions, talking things through, and listening to what others have to say Teacher should choose appropriate method of teaching different for types of students, to motivate students, and to increase students memorizing ability. Suggestopedia and Silent Way is one of those methods that can be used by teachers. Silent Way Method: The Silent Way is the name of a method of language teaching devised by Caleb Gattegno. The very name Silent Way highlights the fact that it is based on the idea that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom but the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible. To let the teacher concentrate on what the students say and how they are saying it, drawing their attention to the differences in pronunciation and the flow of words. The significance of this method is that the learner eventually discovers what ability he has, which he has not yet had an opportunity to discover. The three basic tenets of the approach are Learning make possible if the learner discover rather than remembers or repeats In it the teacher and the learner work cooperatively to reach the educational desired goals. The learner is not a bench bound listener but an active contributor to the learning process. Learning is helped by physical objects The Silent Way uses colorful charts and rods (cuisinere rods) which are of varying length. They are used to introduce vocabulary (colors, numbers, adjectives, verbs) and syntax (tense, comparatives, plurals, word order). For example: teacher has introduced the idea of pronouns as in â€Å"Give me a green rod†. The class will then use this structure until it is clearly absorbed, using all the other colors. One member of the class would now like to ask another to pass a rod to a third student but she does not know the word â€Å"her†, only that it cannot be â€Å"me†. At this point the teacher would interfere and supply the new item: â€Å"Give her the green rod† and the learner will continue until the next new item is needed (probably â€Å"him†). Problem-solving is central to learning. This can be summarized by Benjamin Franklin’s words: Tell me and I forget Teach me and I remember Involve me and I learn† A good silent way learner is a good problem solver. The teacher’s role exist in only in giving minimum repetitions and correction, remaining silent most of the times, leaving the learner struggling to solve problems about the language and get a grasp of its mechanism. Suggestopedia Method: The term Suggestopedia, derived from suggestion and pedagogy. This term is developed in the 1970’s by Bulgarian psychologist and educator, George Lazanov. Suggestopedia is a teaching method which is based on a modern nderstanding of how the human brain works and how we learn most effectively. Lazanov argued that learners have difficulties in acquiring English as the second language because they do no want to make any mistake. When the learners are in this situation, their heart and blood pressure raise. He believes that there is a mental block in the learners’ brain. This filter blocks the input, so the learners have difficulties to acquire language caused by their fear. Music was central to his method. Music helps the students to reach a certain state of relaxation, in which the interest is increased. Moreover, it involves emotional meaning in given the lesson which help students better in memorizing. There are two types of suggestions first one is direct and second is indirect suggestion. The students learn English not only from direct instruction but also from indirect instruction. DIRECT: Direct suggestions are directed to conscious processes i. e. orally by the teacher, and/or by text materials. INDIRECT: Indirect suggestion is largely unconsciously perceived. In the teaching learning process, students who make mistakes are tolerated, for example in pronouncing the word. The stress is on the content not the structure. Grammar and vocabularies are presented and given treatment from the teachers, but not dwelt on. Homework is limited in this method Techniques: Suggestopedia: Classroom set-up, that is, the teacher provides as peaceful and relaxed an environment as possible. The classroom is provided with dim lights, soft music; soften armchairs, and walls decorated in order to make the students’ mind more relaxed. Silent Way In the class, the teacher uses rods which consist of ten brightly colored wooden blocks of different length, a word chart, a phonic chart, drawings, Worksheets and books. Colored charts are used in the first phase a practice pronouncing sounds and then the rods are used to practice saying words and numerals in the second phase. In the third phase, the rods are used to practice speaking. The teacher says as few words as possible, but uses more gesture and charts. The constant visual exposure to these rods and charts is the vital part of the techniques. The principle of the methods is that teaching should be subordinate to learning and the teacher’s role is to help the students to acquire the language more than just learning it. Advantages and Disadvantages of suggestopedia: -The first advantage of using suggestopedia for teaching English is that suggestopedia method use music during the process of learning. 2-The second advantage of using suggestopedia methods in teaching English is that suggestopedia methods have different class setting which make the students relax during the learning process. 3- Suggestopedia methods also decorate the class with posters or something which can make students’ mind relax, such as by putting flowers or aquarium in the corner of the class. By using poster, the students will always learn even when they just look around the classroom. -Beside the advantage, using music during the learning process also has disadvantages for some people who cannot study in the noisy class, it is difficult for them to divide their mind into two sides, to the music and to the lesson. 5-Another disadvantage is that suggestopedia method will be difficult to be practiced in the development country such as Indonesia. As we know that in Indonesia there are at least 30 – 40 students who fill in the one class. The teacher will be difficult to control them one by one. In conclusion, there are some advantages and disadvantages of using suggestopedia methods. As a good teacher we have to know what methods that appropriate for our students. Therefore before we choose a teaching method we have to consider its advantages and disadvantages. Suggestopedia is a good method for teaching, because the memorization can be done 25 times faster than the conventional method. But, there are also disadvantages of using it. So, we should be wise when we have to choose the method that we will use for our students. Advantages and Disadvantages of silent way: 1-This method foster cooperative learning between individuals. -It embodies a new approach to education in general, a respect for the individual and an awareness of the individual’s extraordinary cognitive powers. 3-This method can be benefited by the teacher only in small groups of students. The teacher can gain ability in this method by trying. The teacher is expected to enhance the materials on his/her own. 4-For some teachers the strictness of the system (no repetitions by the teacher, no an swers by the teacher etc. ) may be meaningless. 5-Language is separated from its social context and taught through artificial situations usually by rods. -How such a method would in the average classroom situation or how successfully it might be used at more advanced levels is a question mark left in our minds. 7- It would seem necessary for a teacher to gain a good deal of training and skill in order to apply the Silent Way to the teaching of a total grammar in all its complexity, if such a broad application is, in fact, possible 8-The Silent Way is often criticized of being a harsh method. The learner works in isolation and communication is lacking badly in a Silent Way classroom. 9-With minimum help on the part of the teacher, the Silent Way method may put the learning itself at risk. 0-The material (the rods and the charts) used in this method will certainly fail to introduce all aspects of language. Other materials will have to be introduced. Principles and Characteristic of silent way: 1. Errors: Are indispensable and natural part of the learning process. Self-correction and peer-correction are emphasized. The teacher corrects the language only as a last resort. 2. Repetition: Consumes time and encourages the scattered mind to remain scattered. If the teacher avoids repetition strictly, this will force alertness and concentration on the part of the learners. By this way the efficiency in learning will be increased and the time will be saved for further learning. This principle is against ALM. 3. Students native language: Native language can be used to give instructions when necessary. Also native language can be used during the feedback sessions (at least for beginner levels). If the native language is not very essential then it is avoided. 4. Evaluation: Although the teacher does not have to give a formal test, s/he assesses student learning all the time. One criterion of whether or not students have learned is their ability to transfer what they have been studying to new contexts. The principles of suggestopedia: 1. The first principle is that people are able to learn at rates many times greater that what we commonly assume to be limits of human performance. 2. The second principle is that learning is global; it involves the entire person. 3. The third principle is that people learn either consciously or unconsciously or both, either rationally or irrationally or both. Lazanov method is thought to be more concerned with irrational and unconscious processes. The concept of unconsciousness; comprises numerous unconscious forms such as associating and coding.

Key elements from the philosophies of Hegel and Husserl Essay

Key elements from the philosophies of Hegel and Husserl - Essay Example According to existentialism, existence comes before the essence of life. Hegel was also of the same opinion albeit he put forth certain conditions or situations when human beings have this kind of free will. According to his ‘Philosophy of Right’, human beings are free to act or decide for themselves only if they are part of any particular system or area concerning the free will. According to Hegel, freedom should not be linked with arbitrariness (doing whatever one pleases). Hegel believes that, â€Å"We are free only when we overcome ‘particularity’ and act ‘universally’ or ‘objectively’, according to the concept of the will† (Wood, 2003). Usually people misinterpret the meaning of freedom; they feel that freedom means nonexistence of hurdles in doing anything of one’s choice. But when we view it with practicality, the situation is somewhat different. on the contrary, Hegel feels that human beings cannot be said to b e free â€Å"unless social institutions provide considerable scope and protection for arbitrary freedom† (Woods, 2003). Another element of Hegel’s philosophy relates to the civil society. Hegel says that human beings are free to decide what work they choose for their livelihood but they cannot completely deny the fact that their actions will not affect the society. It should be a give and take system where individuals contribute towards the society and in turn the society looks after the broader interests of all human beings. Any work that we do indirectly helps the society as a whole; â€Å"As members of this society, individuals have the duty to support themselves through labor which benefits the whole, while civil society as a whole owes each individual the opportunity to labor in a way which provides a secure, respected and self-fulfilling mode of life† (Woods, 2003). Philosophy of Phenomenology Edmund Husserl was the founded the ‘Philosophy of Phenome nology’. He was a mathematician and all his anticipations and explanations were based on mathematic calculations or to be more precise, the inferential system. The motive of Husserl’s Theory of Phenomenology, â€Å"is to study the units of consciousness that the respective speaker presents himself as having – that he gives voice to – in expressing the proposition in question (for instance, while writing a mathematical textbook or giving a lecture)† (Beyer, 2011). Husserl relates the actions of human beings to their perceptions. According to him, it is quite possible that while performing any action, a person is hallucinating. Means that he/she may think he/she is being watched while doing the act. Also, â€Å"from a first-person point of view, one cannot, of course, decide whether in a case of what one takes to be, say, an act of perception one is currently performing, there actually is an object that one is perceptually confronted with† (Be yer, 2011). In Tel Asiado’s words Husserl’s philosophy claims that ‘consciousness is ‘directedness towards an object.’ The mental state and the object of the state exist together in consciousness without implying that there is any ‘material’ object answering to the call† (Asiado, 2009). Husserl’s apprehensions are more towards the doubts on the ‘information about self’ rather than the ‘information about things’. Husserl’s philosophy can be summarized to be â€Å"as both an early direct reference theorist (headword:

Watson and Cricks 1952 paper in Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Watson and Cricks 1952 paper in Nature - Essay Example The copying mechanism is significant in forming many copies of DNA that contain the hereditary material. Essentially, the replication of the genetic material is important in the reproduction of the cells through meiosis and mitosis. The replication ensures that there is extra DNA for the multiplying cells to facilitate the daughter cells to reproduce (2011). Thus, the copying mechanism implies that the cells can make an exact replica of genetic material, and pass it to the other generations. The copying mechanism introduced the element of complementarity that is important in the replication of the DNA and subsequent transfer of genetic information from one generation to another. Fundamentally, reproduction of the cells depends on the ability of organisms to produce the exact replica of the genetic materials (2011). It is noteworthy that the replication of the two daughter molecules can sometimes have errors. Hence, the scientists should utilize the model of base pairing to examine the partial alteration of the

Why are some nations rich & others poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why are some nations rich & others poor - Essay Example Therefore, new explanations for the success of one nation over another are still forthcoming. Jared Diamond and David S. Landes are two gentlemen offering different explanations for the unequal distribution of wealth around the globe. Jared Diamond is a historical geographer. As such, he offers an explanation for this unequal distribution of wealth that focuses on such realities as the availability of key natural resources. Specifically, he states: †¦the differences between human societies on different continents seems to me to be attributable to differences among continental environments, and not to biological differences among peoples themselves. In particular, the availability of wild plant and animal species suitable for domestication†¦contributed decisively to the varying rates of rise of agriculture and herding, which in turn contributed decisively to the rise of human population numbers, population densities, and food surpluses, which in turn contributed decisively to the development of epidemic infectious diseases, writing, technology and political organization (6). Through the course of his essay, Jared Diamond argues persuasively that this unbroken chain of bioregional realities is what determines the wealth of a group of people. He offers many examples for each of these determinants, or as he calls them, "proximate reasons" as to why the wealthiest and most powerful on earth are located where they are. Diamond structures his argument as if each "proximate reason" were a link in a chain. The first link in the chain is the domestication of plants and animals. This occurrence resulted in a food surplus that opened the many facets of what we call civilization today. According to Diamond, the geographic structure of the continents had much to do with the creation of this food surplus. He argues that domestication was more successful and widespread in Eurasia and North America

Managing Organizational Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Organizational Change - Research Paper Example o be answerable to each other on the same tier as well as to the owners and stakeholders of the organizations who have invested within them for so long. Perhaps it would be a good exercise to bring in the change smoothly. This shall make the entire process an easy one and put the crux of the exercise safely within the grasps of the people who are ready to undertake such a change for their own good. This change element within the domains of the organization could be handled if there are proper mechanisms in place and which look to provide the remedy for the quandaries that employees find themselves engulfed in every now and then. It is important that these employees know what they need to do in order to remain satisfied with their jobs. This will make them feel secure with the jobs that they have got and not try to hop on every opportunity that they can get. An organizational change setting that does not bring in a sense of optimism within the workplace realms is indeed a classic case of failure (Douglas, 2009). This is because organizational change has to happen smoothly and without any hindrances whatsoever. It makes the task pretty easier if things are handled in a proactive manner rather than something else. Also the organizational change should be such that the employees are told about the change beforehand because no employee appreciates the idea of changing every now and then. It has been a fact that change is a constant factor that takes place almost everywhere but since it is something that is seen as undesirable, it takes sheer resistance on the part of the employees regularly. In order to make sure that the organizational change is successful, it is imperative that this change is backed up with improving the morale of the employees because this will ensure... This report stresses that the impacts of resources that are available within an organization are severely significant nonetheless. This is because they have to find out the basics related with the organizational change and how this change is going to showcase better employee morale and more dedication at the end of the day. It would also mean that the employees remain satisfied with what they are receiving in terms of the resources and how contented they are in knowing the fact that their resources are being well-equipped nonetheless. The resources’ discussion is always an important one because it tells the employees beforehand how significant they are for the sake of the organization and what measures need to be taken to make sure that they become important with the passage of time. This indeed is a symbiotic relationship which should always be encouraged and supported across the board, at all levels. This article makes a conclusion that it is necessary to comprehend how sound an organizational change strategy would work for the sake of the organization under question. If this is proper and within the frameworks as has been suggested and decided upon, then this will mean serious success for the employees who are working at different levels as well as the employers who seek retention of their employees and better usability of the available resources at their disposal. One must understand that these are serious attributes that come attached with the morale discussions of the employees and should always be treated as such.

Over the long term, has state power increaded r decreased in relation Essay

Over the long term, has state power increaded r decreased in relation to that of the federal government - Essay Example Similarly, it has acquired most of state powers such as the mandate to control inter-state commerce, the autonomy to agree on treatises with foreign countries and the authority to form an arm and declare war on enemies2. Additionally, the federal government has becoming powerful resulting to undesired incidents such as the Civil unrest or war which strengthened unions, the Great Depression which instituted bureaucracies for assisting the suffering Americans and Civil Rights Movement that called for intervention at the state level to reduce rampant cases of racism against blacks. Furthermore, because of the protection of Constitutional powers, the federal government has usurped state powers in terms of fundamental rights and freedoms enjoyed by citizens. This is manifested in through federal courts that ensure violators of such rights and freedoms enshrined in the constitution are tried and convicted. On that note, state has been reduced to playing minor roles of supervising the feder al government to avoid losing its independence and

Explain how a company can operationally manage environmental issues Essay

Explain how a company can operationally manage environmental issues - Essay Example tal engineering is therefore to deal with waste products after pollutants have been generated and then develop appropriate technology to mitigate their impact, e.g. synthetic landfill liners to contain polluted water seepage. However, Coulter (1995:4) criticises environmental engineering techniques for not addressing the primary cause, and simply transferring the problem elsewhere. ‘The concept of pollution prevention, as an alternative to treatment and disposal has been embraced by pioneering corporation and state level industry assistance programs’ (Coulter, 1995: 4). The key aim is to eliminate pollutants from existing products and process technologies, and to introduce new equipment, technology and processes to improve manufacturing techniques and move towards ‘zero carbon economies’. However, Coulter (1995:4) also notes that ‘the transition from pollution control to prevention has been hampered by limited information, technologies and capital, as well as by impediments in existing regulatory policies’. ‘Designing for the environment’ acknowledges that whilst there maybe negative environmental effects during a production life cycle, designers are conscious of this during the design stage. They can therefore incorporate operating constraints into the initial design phase of a product. Therefore negative environmental effects will be limited. For example, Aerial clothes tablets have now been designed to clean cloths at 30Â °C (as opposed to 40Â °c), which saves energy of the washing machine. Coulter (1995:5) describes life cycle design as a ‘cradle to grave approach, which provides the most complete environmental profile of goods and services’. It provides a holistic view of product design, manufacturing, consumer use and disposal. High emphasise is placed on the environment, and companies work towards achieving sustainable development techniques in ‘green product design’. The US Congress Office of Technology Assessments

The Forgotten Group Member Essay Example for Free

The Forgotten Group Member Essay Identify and summarize the stages of group development According to the text, Christine and the group are in the stages of conflict as shown in figure 10.2, Antecedents, Felt conflict, Manifest conflict, Conflict resolution, and Conflict suppression. Professor Thiel assigns each group a task to be evaluated by their peers. Mike seems a little distant at the first meeting and never wanting to join the group. When Mike bumped into them at school having lunch, he would give them a vague look. They never spoke to him or the professor about this situation. Identify Key Problems The primary problem for the group is their class members will be evaluating how they dealt with problem at hand and Mike isn’t making it any better by not cooperating or corresponding with the team. The secondary problem is Christine and the group is trying to deal with Mike without the Professor being involved. Christine and the team should have noticed how distant Mike was during the first meeting. They should have gone to Professor Thiel after he declined and came up with an excuse not to attend any meetings, knowing he would affect their overall grade. Given that there is no â€Å"one perfect solution† for this situation, identify, describe, and defend two possible solutions to the primary problem(s). The class was put into groups to complete a task which will be evaluated. Mike never wanted to participate in the group meetings; he gave Christine notes on their project. Everyone in their group was capable of carrying on without Mike. If they didn’t have his i nput and cooperation they were to discuss the matter with the professor. According to the text, Christine compromised with him, trying to get him to meet with the rest of the group. She done everything she could to empathize with him regarding his girlfriend. Christine and the group should have gone to the professor about their problem first, now, if they were to handle this problem on their own. They should have voted on removing Mike from the team and continue on with their project. This would have been the answer or solution to their task at hand and possibly receives a good grade. Discuss whether Christine was an effective group leader in this case. Why or why not? Christine could have been stricter toward Mike, being this was a class project and he had no regard for the next person. She should have brought this to the Professor’s attention and dismissed him. Christine should have given Mike certain tasks to do and have him to turn them to her or drop it off to one of the other team members, this would show that he was trying and putting out on his share of the work. Having him to complete these tasks possibly would bring him from being so distant from them. These tasks for Mike could work toward her advantage and she wouldn’t be up worrying.

EU Environmental Policy Criticisms

EU Environmental Policy Criticisms EU environmental policy is no environmental policy at all; it is in fact no more than an extension of economic policy. Discuss. Detailed below is a wide-ranging discussion of the arguments for and against the notion that EU environmental policy is no environmental policy at all and is merely in actuality an extension of the community’s economic policy. The EU Commission has certainly made claims about the importance and the extensive scope of its own environmental policy in recent years, especially since the late 1980s. There are arguments that can be made to defend or refute the notion that the EU’s environmental policy is not so extensive or indeed as far ranging as it might appear to be. Arguments in favour as well of the idea that environmental policy are only an element or an extension of the EU’s economic policy. The links between the EU’s environmental and economic policy, as will be discussed, are not necessarily straightforward even if the origins of environmental policy would appear to be so. Due to the founding principles and structures of the EU it could be argued that all non-economic policy areas originally developed from a starting point within the community economy, as it was originally a community that confined its remit to economic policy except in the most exceptional of circumstances. However, there has been most notably in the form of the EU Commission, elements within the EU that believe the community should have a much wider sphere of policy making than just economic policy. Primarily to drive the integration processes forward and solve any common problems or issues upon a community basis rather than on a national basis. The origins of EU environmental policy are undeniably rooted in the economic policy of the EU. There are various reasons as to why that is the case. The EU as an organisation was established to promote strong economic growth within its member states. As far as the founders of the EU were concerned, there was no need to have separate environmental policy as nobody in the 1950s knew or believed that environmental issues were even a concern, let alone of critical importance to the long term future of Europe. The first stepping stone on the way to the formation of the EU was the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952 that integrated coal and steel production in the six original member states. Coal and steel production were regarded as being the most important elements of promoting high levels of growth in Western Europe (Judt, 2007, p.156). The success of the ECSC led to the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 with an expanded scope t o integrate economic policy within the member states. It was an expansion, which led to the introduction of the Common Agricultural Policy to protect the agricultural sectors of the countries within the community. There were obviously environmental consequences of the economic policy pursued by the inception of the community, these were not known (James, 2003, p.400). The EU and none of its member states had detailed or systematic environmental policy in the 1950s or the 1960s; even if there were any environmental problems those problems would be resolved upon an ad hoc basis. Very few people at that time took a serious view of environmental issues (Thompson, 2001, p.199). When the EU Commission began to regard environmental issues of being some relevance to the quality of life, it found it difficult to persuade the governments of member states that they needed to take action to improve the environment (Sawka Stevens, 2000, p.156). Arguably, it took longer for the EU to develop env ironmental policy, as its member states did not believe that there were any viable reasons for the establishment of such environmental policy. Some governments of the EU member states were more likely to be receptive to the ideas of environmentalist groups than other governments are. For instance, West Germany and the Netherlands (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p.233). The EU Commission did regard the development of environmental policy as an addition on to its economic policy, which bore its first fruit in the adoption of an environmental programme in 1972. The first programme aimed at reducing the pollution linked with industrial and agricultural production techniques (Jones et al, 2004 p.696). In terms of actually helping to improve the environment the early programmes of the EU were limited in outlook and did not have to be fully adopted by the member states of the EU. Certainly when referring to EU environmental policy in the 1970s, claim that EU environmental policy was not policy at all could be fully justified. The EU Commission was well aware at that time as to the limits of its own ability to pursue policy that diverged too far from its economic policy and the limited extent to which such policy would actually be carried out (Wallace Wallace, 2000 p. 62). The limited EU environmental policy that emerged during the 1970s was influenced by increased scientific evidence of environmental pollution and change, there were political and economic reasons for the attempts at forming policy. One factor was the slowing down of economic growth, which had previously been impressive during the 1950s and the 1960s; the EU Commission explored ways of stimulating economic growth in alternative ways. Another factor for considering the adoption of environmental policy was provided by the Oil Crisis of 1973. The Oil Crisis was prompted by the United States support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War that resulted in the Arab oil producers cutting off oil supplies to the United States, the EU and Japan. The Oil Crisis led to significant price rises that provoked an international economic downturn (Hobsbawm, 1994, p.245). The effect of the Oil Crisis upon the EU environmental policy would prove to be short term and temporary. Member states reacted differe ntly to the realisation of just how dependent their economic growth was on oil. The Netherlands and West Germany made limited efforts to improve fuel efficiency, France concentrated on maintaining good relations with the Arab States and only Britain at that point had its own oil supplies (*). For the EU Commission the Oil Crisis of 1973 was ample demonstration of the need for more integrated economic and even environmental policy, rather than leaving individual member states to make their own decisions. Environmental policy was definitely secondary to economic policy and if economic policy was not sufficient, then environmental policy was arguably no policy at all (Bache George, 2006 p. 10). Concerns about pollution remained the main factors influencing the development and expansion of the EU’s environmental policy. The EU Commission and the new Environment Directorate-General it established in 1981 sought to give EU environmental policy a higher public profile in the early 1980s. However, the impact of such publicity was negligible in comparison to the hard hitting recession prompted and worsened by the sharp rise in crude oil prices during 1979, which were a consequence of the Iranian Revolution (Jones et al, 2004, p.695). The Environment Directorate-General attempted to increase the impetus of the EU’s environmental policy by setting tougher targets to reduce air, water and land pollution, as well as seeking to amend the Common Agricultural Policy to decrease levels of soil erosion and use of chemicals. When the EU commission and the Environment Directorate-General sought to reduce the use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides to reduce the environmental d amage caused by the intensive farming methods actively promoted by the Common Agricultural Policy. In the early 1980s the demands of the EU’s environmental policy decision-makers to reduce the environmental impact of the Common Agricultural Policy were to a great extent ignored. Indeed the only demands to alter the Common Agricultural Policy that stood any realistic chance of being successful related to the EU considering the option of reducing the Common Agricultural Policy expenditure (Cini, 2003, p.256). The impact and influence of the EU’s environmental policy would start to increase from the middle of the 1980s. Although prior to that time its policy had been so limited when put into operation that it only made a minimal difference at best to reducing environmentally harmful practices within the EU. Observers of the EU’s environmental policy could certainly had been forgiven that there was no policy in operation at all (Sawka Stevens, 2000, p.156). The ine ffectiveness of the EU’s earliest environmental policy was down to member states putting their economic interests first. It was due to the lack of coherent policy and strategy put forward by the Environment Directorate-General and the EU Commission, as well as the widespread belief that environmental issues were not that important (Wallace Wallace, 2000 p.30). There are however, arguments that EU environmental is actually now a distinctive and increasingly important policy area within its own right. Environmental policy may have evolved as part of the EU economic policy, yet it is an over simplification to contend that it is not an environmental policy at all. The original structures of the EU meant that the primary focus of the community is economic, as full agreement could not be reached on other features of the EU. The governments of member states were mainly content to share power with the EU when it came to economic policy than other policy areas, such as defence and foreign policy. There was two alternative concepts of how the EU should operate as a Europe of Nations, or as supranational organisation that closely integrated all policy areas for its member states. The ineffectiveness of early attempts to establish an extensive environmental policy were not helped by the slow pace of integration until the mid 1980s, it is no coincidenc e that the effectiveness of the EU’s environmental measures have increased whilst the EU has gained extra powers (Sawka Stevens, 2000 p. 156). Undoubtedly, the importance attributed to the pursuit of successful environmental policy within the EU was increased due to much stronger evidence of environmental damage which emerged during the 1980s especially in relation to the greenhouse effect (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p.234). Stronger scientific evidence had increased the media and the public awareness of the need for more effective and extensive environmental policy by both the EU and the governments of all member states. Taking measures to protect the environment transformed from being the preserve of environmentalist groups to an important issue for national governments and the EU to consider. As the EU already had an environmental policy it just had to consider ways of making its policy more extensive in scope and more effective in operation than before (Jordan, 1999, p. 74). Therefore the EU Commission and the Environment Directorate-General had a strong case for expanding the scope of the EU’s environmental policy. They could contend that environmental problems are on a global scale so that regional solutions would be of greater use in protecting the environment than the solutions put forward by the governments of the EU member states upon an individual basis. Of course, not all the member states of the EU had the same impact upon the environment. For instance, Britain, West Germany and France had a greater impact due to their larger populations and higher consumption levels. Some member states such as West Germany and the Netherlands had already begun measures to protect the environment earlier than the other EU member states (Bache George, 2006 p. 10, Duff, 1997 p.237). The institutional changes of the EU which were a consequence of the Single European Act had a strong influence upon the EU being able to adopt tougher and more extensive measures within the scope of its environmental policy. Prior to the signing of the Single European Act, the governments of member states were able to veto any legislation or proposed EU policy within the framework of the Council of Ministers. The EU Commission had thus generally worked hard to achieve compromise over proposed legislation to avoid such proposals vetoed. Such a structure was blamed for slowing down the process of EU integration, as well as reducing the scope and the effectiveness of EU policy. The EU structure had been stretched by the enlargements of the 1970s and the 1980s, which had also slowed down the deepening of the integration process. The primary objectives of the Single European Act were of course economic and political, although the move towards qualified majority voting on the Council of Mi nisters meant the EU found it easier to pass directives and legislation. That was due to legislation or directives were part of its environmental policy that no longer needed unanimous agreement to become adopted throughout the community. With the need to gain unanimous agreement over EU environmental policy within the Council of Ministers gone, it allowed the EU to put forward policy proposals more frequently and for those proposals to be carried forward more quickly with less chance of being watered down. The rationale behind the single market provided further justification of the EU to expand its environmental policy, so that all member states were implementing the same standards and aiming to achieve the same targets in reducing environmental damage through enhanced policy integration and co-operation (Bache George, 2006, p.253). To argue that the EU environmental policy is no policy at all also ignores the efforts that the EU has made to limit and reduce the damage done to the environmental by its member states. The notion of there not been an environment policy fails to mention its efforts to reach global agreements over the reduction of pollution and damage (). To its credit the EU Commission decided to act upon the evidence of the greenhouse effect, global warming and the shrinkage of the ozone layer. Action to stop the use of CFCs and thus stop the damage to the ozone layer, that was proven to be causing major levels of environmental damage. The agreement to phase out the use of CFCs was the first major worldwide accord to take action to protect the environment. The EU would be a prime mover in instigating further worldwide agreements culminating in the Rio Earth Summit and the Kyoto Protocol. In political terms the Rio Earth Summit and the Kyoto Protocol were notable achievements, in the fact that envir onmental protection was recognised as a major problem for the planet’s future. The agreements reached at the Rio Earth Summit and the Kyoto Protocol were criticised in some quarters for not going far enough to protect the environment, yet they are necessary steps in countering the greenhouse effect (Wallace Wallace, 2000 p. 293). The EU had to readjust its environmental programmes to reflect the greater levels of pollution in the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe before they were allowed to join the EU. The only exception was the former East Germany, which because subject to all EU legislation and programmes as soon as it reunited with West Germany in 1990. In the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe programmes in how to improve the environment were introduced at the same time as economic and political reforms to make these states liberal democracies that would eventually be ready to join the EU (Sawka Stevens, 2000 p. 176). The EU Commission realised that enlargement to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe would also have implications for its regional development funds and the Common Agricultural Policy, as well as for environment programmes. Enlargement makes it harder to reach agreements over budgets and programmes, whilst obviously those p rogrammes that are adopted and implemented will have more of an impact upon the environment (Cini, 2003 p.257). The enlargement of the EU has complicated the policy making process meaning it can take longer to develop and implement programmes that will protect the environment (Bache George, 2006 p. 30). Therefore, the EU environment policy was derived from its economic policy. As the whole original rationale of the EU was to promote economic growth and prosperity within its member states it is hardly surprising that economic programmes dominated its policy-making processes. It certainly took a couple of decades before the EU Commission began to develop a separate environment policy and even longer to make those policies more than superficial or merely symbolic. The delay in forming an effective environment programme was due to the lack of evidence of the greenhouse effect or global warming which meant that the EU contented itself with putting general measures to reduce pollution. At that point stating that EU environment policy was no policy at all would have been completely justified. From the 1980s the scope of policy was increased due to concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming. The capacity to pursue a more proactive environment programme was enhanced as a consequ ence of the Single European Act, which allowed environmental measures to be approved by a qualified majority, rather than by a unanimous vote. The greater commitment of the EU to adopting more effective environment protection programmes and agreed targets at the Rio Earth Summit and the Kyoto Protocol. However, despite efforts to make the environment a more prominent issue the EU is still primarily an organisation that has economic agendas that are the most important of its policy objectives and remits. Bibliography Bache I George S, (2006) Politics in the European Union, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Duff L, (1997) The Economics of Governments and Markets – new directions in European public policy, Longman, London Eatwell R Wright A (2003) Contemporary Political Ideologies 2nd Edition, Continuum, London Hobsbawm, E (1994) Age of Extremes, the Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, Michael Joseph, London James H, (2003) Europe Reborn – A History, 1914 – 2000, Pearson Longman, Harlow Jones B, Kavanagh D, Moran M, Norton P, (2004) Politics UK, 5th edition, Pearson Longman, London Jordan, (1999) The Implementation of EU Environmental Policy; a policy problem without a political solution, Government Policy, Vol 17, no 11 Judt T, (2007) Post-war – A History of Europe since 1945, Pimlico, London and New York Sawka R Stevens A, (2000) Contemporary Europe, MacMillan Press, Basingstoke Wallace H Wallace W, (2000) Policy – Making in the European Union, 4th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford

Comparing Laurences West Side Story and Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: comparison compare contrast essays

Laurence's West Side Story and Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laurence's West Side story is an apparition of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.   West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet differ in many ways.   Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona in about 1594.   West Side Story takes in New York City in 1957.   Tony is the modern character of Romeo and Maria is the modern character of Juliet.   In the two tragedies the major conflict is two opposing families, or gangs, do not agree of the relationship of their child.   This conflict was resolved in a very tragic manner, one of the two couples killed themselves the other couple just one got killed.   When the death of the persons happened is brought the two foes together.   West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet is indeed different in many ways.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Three incidents show Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story differs from one another.   The first thing shows the difference between Maria and Juliet, and Romeo and Tony.   When Juliet finds that her lover Romeo is dead Juliet kills herself.   Maria does not kill herself but instead she puts her sadness into treating the two gangs with a gun.   When Romeo finds Juliet supposedly dead he drinks poison to kill himself too.   Chino killed Tony because Chino was in love with Maria but so was Tony.   This is just one way that Romeo and Juliet differ from West Side Story.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another way the two stories differ is the wealth of the two families, or gangs.   At the beginning of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare describes the Montague's and the Capulet's houses.   The size of the two houses shows how wealthy the families are.   In West Side Story the author only tells about the Sharks dwelling.   The Sharks live in an apartment which shows that the Sharks are not wealthy.   The Sharks and the Jets are very poor compared to the Capulets'' and the Montagues'.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Swords were used in Romeo and Juliet and guns were used in West Side Story.   The reason guns were used in West Side Story was to make the story more

The Russian Tsars Control of the Kazakh Steppe Essay -- Russian Empir

To what extent and in what ways did Russian Tsars control the Kazakh steppe between 1820 and 1890? During political Kazakh khans of three Hordes gave oaths and signed papers of their inclusion to Russian Empire. Although the documents were signed, both sides did not obey them . Empire had not got any actual political power in the beginning of 19th century in Kazakh steppe, and numerous anti-Russian rebellions support this claim. The document of â€Å"Ustav o Sibirskih Kirgizah, 1822† made it possible to gain control of the steppe by creating a system with new approach of ‘divide and rule’. New policy included creating ‘elite’ with developed morals and literacy relying on the nobel families, so called Chinggisids, and land new administration policy. Rebellions, presence of national identity, resistance to settlement of nomads caused difficulties in establishing control in the steppe. However, even though there was some kind of oppositon from nomads, the policy was very successful. Russian empire was in control of the Kazakh steppe after mid-ninetee nth century when steppe officially was divided into separate entities. The Plan of Reorganization (1809) of Tsarist Russia did not take into account differences of central and peripheral parts. Imperial legislative law applied with restrictions and exceptions depending on regions, but general principle was decentralization of the Tsarist Russia by dividing it into several parts and concentration of the administrative units by integrating central and regional agencies. Speranskii’s â€Å"Ustav o Sibirskih Kirgizah, 1822† reform assigned administrative units and positions to create a new bureaucracy . When the position of khan was removed the unity of the nomadic tribes was destabilized. Thus... .... 1 (Jan. - Mar., 2003), pp. 5-33 Levi, S. (1999). India, Russia and the Eighteenth-Century Transformation of the Central Asian Caravan Trade. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1999), pp. 519-548 Malikov, Y. (2005). The Kenesary Kasymov Rebellion (1837–1847): A National-Liberation Movement or â€Å"a Protest of Restoration†? Nationalities Papers, Vol. 33, No. 4 Manz, B. F. (1987). Central Asian Uprisings in the Nineteenth Century: Ferghana under the Russians. The Russian Review, vol. 46, 1987, pp. 267-281 Martin, V. (2010). Kazakh Chinggisids, land and political power in the nineteenth century: a case study of Syrymbet. Central Asian Survey, 29:1, 79-102 Sbornik dokumentov. (1996). Natsional’no-osvoboditel’naia bor’ba Kazakhskogo naroda pod predvoditel’stvom Kenesary Kasymova (Sbornk dokumentov). Almaty, 1996, p. 39, 121-122

Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway :: Woolf Mrs. Dalloway Essays

Mrs. Dalloway Selection: "How many million times she had seen her face, and always with the same imperceptible contraction! She pursed her lips when she looked in the glass. It was to give her face point. That was her self-pointed; dartlike; definite. That was her self when some effort, some call on her to be her self, drew the parts together, she alone knew how different, how incompatible and composed so for the world only into one centre, one diamond, one woman who sat in her drawing-room and made a meeting-point, a radiancy no doubt in some dull lives, a refuge for the lonely to come to, perhaps; she had helped young people, who were grateful to her; had tried to be the same always, never showing a sign of all the other sides of her-faults, jealousies, vanities, suspicions, like this of Lady Bruton not asking her to lunch; which, she thought (combing her hair finally), is utterly base! Now, where was her dress?" (37). Discussion: The 'diamond' metaphor in the preceding passage is striking and fresh. A diamond is clear but not transparent; it attracts light, yet reflects and refracts it. The diamond possesses many sides but is organic, one whole thing. When Clarissa is 'in the world,' she draws "the parts (of herself) together," she is whole and unified but doesn't show "the other sides of her," as though the social side of Clarissa takes precedence; all others are part of her being but the side she presents to the world best represents the whole. Amazingly, she is aware of this process and one gets the feeling that Clarissa feels that this one-pointed unification represents her at her best, her strongest, and her most real. The diamond is a metaphor for a certain type of human consciousness. The diamond and it's qualities of clarity and many-sided wholeness are alluded to in several places in Mrs. Dalloway. Peter Walsh talks of his own life in terms of holding something in his hand: "The compensation of growing old...[is that] one has gained...the power of taking hold of experience, of turning it round, slowly, in the light" (79); This quote speaks of both satisfaction and detachment.

Florida International University: Intermediate Finance

FIN 3414 (Intermediate Financial Management) Sample TEST   At anytime during the test, you can’t have anything other than your test, pencil, eraser, calculator and formula sheet on your desk. 3. ABSOLUTELY NO QUESTIONS/TALKING DURING EXAMINATION 4. Don’t forget to hand in your Formula Sheet. 5. Read, write your name and sign below. , I solemnly declare that I will not cheat or help others in cheat in the examination SIGNATURE PART I There are 15 questions in the first part, answer all of them. 1. The sum of an infinite geometric series ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦up to ? is a. a(1 – rn) for r ? 1 1 – r b. a(1 – rn+1) for r ? 1 1 – r c. a for r < 1 1– r d. ar for r < 1 1 – r e. None of the above 2. Consider the following series S = 10 + 10 + †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 (1. 06) (1. 06)2 (1. 06)100The sum of this series is a. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)100 } 1. 06 b. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)100 } (1. 06)100 0. 6 (10)1 00 c. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)100 } 0. 06 d. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)101 } 0. 06 e. 10 { 1 – ( 1/ 1. 06)101 } (1. 06) 0. 06 3. What is the future value of $10. 30 (deposited a year from now) at the end of 20 years, assuming the simple rate of interest is 0. 5 percent? (Answer correct within 2 cents) a. $ 11. 28 b. $ 11. 33 c. $ 21. 12 d. $1,091. 80 e. None of the above 4. In how many years an amount will double if the simple rate of interest is 1 percent? Answer correct within 2) a. 10 years b. Never c. 1000 years d. 100 years e. 139 years 5. What is the future value of $ 50 in 20 years if the rates of interest are 12 percent for the first six years, 11 percent for next 5 years and 10 percent for the remaining period? (Answer correct within one dollar) a. $ 336. 37 b. $ 406. 23 c. $ 392. 13 d. $ 413. 91 e. None of the above 6. You will receive $160 in the beginning of year 89. What is its present value at the beginning of 87 if the rate of interest is 13 percent? Answer correct within 50 cents) a. $ 141. 59 b. $ 110. 89 c. $ 125. 30 d. $ 153. 91 e. None of the above 7. In how many years $ 100. 69 will become $ 382. 42 if the rate of interest is 6. 9 percent (Answer correct within 0. 5) a. 21 years b. 20 years c. 14. 6 years d. 15. 6 years e. None of the above 8. Suppose you deposit $385. 54 at the beginning of each year for 10 years.Find the future value of these deposits at the end of year 11 if the rate of interest is 10 percent compounded annually (Correct within five dollars) a. $6145 b. $6010 c. $6759 d. $7435 e. None of the above 9. You deposited $100 three years ago in the First National Bank. Today the balance in your account is $140. If First National Bank offers quarterly compounding, compute: (Assume 360 days in a year) (1) the annual nominal rate of interest; (2) the annual effective rate of interest.Answer in the order of 1, 2 a. 11, 12 b. 12. 6, 13. 2 c. 11. 37, 11. 86 d. 11. 68, 11. 99 e. None of the above 10. ABC Corporation expect s to earn $200,000 at the end of the year and projects a growth in earnings of 5 percent per year. If k is 10 percent, what is the present value of the earnings if it expects the growth forever a. $200,000( 0. 10 – 0. 05)-1 b. $200,000( 0. 05)-1 c. $4,000,000 d. All of the above e. None of the above 11. You will deposit $ 20 per month beginning of each month beginning today in an account that pays a monthly rate of interest of 8. 21 percent. How long will it take for your account to have $980? (Correct within 0. 3) a. 20 months b. 19 months c. 21 months d. 18 months e. None of the above 12. Mr. I. M. Smart started depositing $ A in an account that paid 12 percent rate of interest per year. After 21 annual deposits his account had $23864. 20. The present value of the annuity of $A is (Correct within 5 dollars) a. $2474 b. $1193. 21 c. PV of this annuity cannot be obtained because the value of $A is not given d. $2209 e. None of the above 13. Mr. & Mrs. Debt deposited $1000, $2 000 and $2000 at the beginning of years 1, 2 and 3 .The rates of interest during the years were 0. 12, 0. 15 and 0. 20. Obtain the present value of these deposits if the interest is compounded monthly? (Correct within $ 2) a. $6000 b. $6854 c. $5854 d. $6890 e. None of the above 14. If equal withdrawals of $20 at the end of each day with the initial investment of $200 are made, the number of days required to exhaust the amount, if the rate of interest is 10 percent per day, will be (assume 365 days in a year) a. The amount will never be exhausted . 7. 275 c. Cannot be solved because the calculator gives an error message d. Looks like the answer will be within 8 to 10 days e. None of the above 15. Mr. John P. L. K. Prabhakara Rao deposited $100 in an account that pays 20 percent rate of interest- compounded monthly. He intends to keep the account for 20 years. The effective rate of interest his account is earning is (answer correct within 0. 02) a. 22. 14 percent b. 20. 06 percent c. 21. 94 percent d. Only a person with this kind of name will keep the account for 20 years e. None of the abovePART II There are two questions in this part, answer all of them. 1. You need to set up a college fund at birth for your child that will pay $60,000 at age 18. k=12%. (a) How much must you deposit at the end of each year with annual compounding (b) How much must you deposit at the end of each month with monthly compounding (c) What will be the payments if they are at the beginning of the year (18 payments)? 2. Assume today is Oct, 4th 2012 and you are planning to deposit $100 every January 1st for five years. Assuming the rate of interest is 12% compounded monthly, a. What is the present value of the deposits today?

Mattel’s China Experience

In 1945, the Mattel brand was born. Ruth and Elliot Handler and Harold â€Å"Matt† Matson launched Mattel out of a garage workshop in Southern California. The first Mattel products were actually picture frames, but Elliot soon started using those picture frames to create dollhouse furniture. Harold Matson eventually sold out to his partner, Ruth and Elliot Handler. The Handler’s, encouraged by the success of the doll furniture and turned the emphasis of the company to toys. By 1955 Mattel was advertising toys through the popular show â€Å"Mickey Mouse Club†; this revolutionized the way toys were marketed. By 1959 Mattel had introduced Barbie, named after their daughter Barbara’s nickname. Barbie would soon lead Mattel to the forefront of the toy industry and fascinate girls all over the world for decades. In 1960, Mattel became a publicly owned company, stock was listed was listed on the New York and Pacific Coast Stock Exchanges in 1963. By 1965, sales topped $100 million and the company joined the Fortune 500. In the years to come Mattel would enter the ever growing electronics industry, they would also enter several joint ventures and licensing agreements that would earn them more profit (Mattel History, www. Mattel. com). In 2010, Mattel posted profit of $24. 8 million, or 7 cents a share, compared with a loss of $51 million, or 14 cents a share in the previous period. Sales totaled $880. 1 million, an increase of 12% compared with $785. 6 million a year earlier (Chang, 2010). A host of external factors can influence a firm’s decision of direction and action. Influencing Mattel’s decisions are economic factors, social factors, political factors, technological factors and ecological factors. Mattel must lso understand the globalization strategy as it will allow them to pursue opportunities anywhere in the world and enable them to optimize business functions in the countries in which it operates (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Companies such as Mattel, seeking lower prices have benefited from the â€Å"China price† which was 30 to 50 percent cheaper than the cost to make the equivalent product in the U. S. Companies choose China for a variety of reasons including lower business costs, cheaper labor, facilities, plant and equipment and raw materials. There were also differences in regulatory oversight between China and many other countries, including the U. S. The U. S. banned lead toys in 1978; China only signed an agreement to do so in September of 2007 (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Being a global company, Mattel faces multiple political, economic, legal, social and cultural environments as well as various changes within each of them. Other issues arise in geographic separation, cultural and national differences and variations of business practices which all tend to make control and communication efforts between headquarters and the overseas affiliates difficult. Global companies like Mattel also face intense competition due to the differences in industry structures within countries. External factors such as technological change force Mattel to promote innovation to remain competitive. Mattel must be aware of technological changes that might influence its industry. Political factors are also considered external and are designed to benefit and protect firms like Mattel. Political constraints are placed on firms through actions like fair trade decisions, antitrust laws, tax programs, minimum wage legislation, pricing and polluting, many of these aimed at protecting employee’s (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Outsourcing to China also creates concerns in quality control as in the case of the 2007 recall for Mattel. In July of 2007, Mattel announced it would be voluntarily recalling some of its products from a contract manufacturer in China that was utilizing non-approved paint containing lead. Mattel requires that their manufacturing partners use paint from approved and certified suppliers and have procedures in place that test and verify but in this particular instance, procedures were not followed. Of the 19 million plus Mattel toys recalled, 2. 2 million were because of lead paint. Toys were pulled from the shelves of retailers, media frenzy ensued and public pressure was mounting. By the time the dust had settled from the recall, Mattel had recalled over 19 million toys that were produced in China. Their stock price had declined as they took a $40 million charge for the recalls and their cost increased. Customers were threatening to boycott Mattel and all toys that were made in China. When it appeared nothing could get worse for Mattel, congress sent a letter in 2008 charging that Robert was not honoring the commitment he made to the public during the initial recall incident (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Mattel had to determine what next steps they would take to recover from such a crisis and move quickly in order to protect their brand. Mattel had to identify an approach to the recalls that would enable them to protect the Mattel brand and their reputation while not undermining their intent to be the â€Å"World’s Premiere Toy Brand – Today and Tomorrow† (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Moving forward a solution this type of dilemma should include increased quality control efforts in all areas, increased audits and inspections to retain compliance with industry standards. Chinese policy makers would also need to review their policies and change the countries practices to reduce such problems. In the months after the recall China announced high profile inspections and clampdowns on quality. Another solution would be for producers could subject individual shipments of toys to the same box-by-box inspection that is now applied to pet food additives. China could also force exporters to conform to foreign food and product safety standards, even if they exceed China’s own laws (Oneal, Callahan, & Osnos, N. D. ). Current safety checks in place, including independent audits would need to be reviewed as they did not prevent the chain of events leading to the recall (Story, 2007). There are many different solutions mentioned above that could work together to minimize the likelihood of such massive recalls in the future. Mattel should increase its quality controls for the toy industry, especially for product produced in China. The company and its subsidiaries should comply with the suggested standards of the CPSC Toy Safety Standards which can inspect, monitor, prosecute and even fine for defects. Mattel should report a defect or recall within 24 hours of discovery which did not happen in this case and lead to many distraught consumers that had lost faith in the Mattel brand. Instead of shifting blame to producers in China, Mattel needs to realize that it was their choice to produce in China and therefore the producers are not completely at fault. Mattel also needs to determine the root cause of the problem in order to perform corrective action and prevent it from happening again. Increased quality control and testing should be implemented immediately after a recall of this magnitude. Investigations should take place immediately and continue ongoing until it is deemed that all quality control issues have been addressed. Mattel should take appropriate actions with its producers if it finds that their safety procedures were knowingly ignored. In this case Mattel worked to intercept incoming shipments to keep potentially hazardous problems from being placed on store shelves. Mattel should continue to focus on protecting children from lead-tainted imports (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). In conclusion, in preparation for another scenario similar to the toy recall, Mattel could incorporate the following objectives into their action plan. Objective 1: Get all pertinent information about the recall to the public accurately, efficiently and quickly. Objective 2: Reassure consumers, parents especially, that Mattel is committed to making the safest toys, fixing the problem and being honest and open. Objective 3: Take responsibility for the recall, Mattel should solve the problem while maintaining a stable relationship with producers in China (Mattel Toy Recall, 2007).

Book Report on “Babouk”

Guy Endore tells the story of the drastic slave history through the eyes of an African – Babouk. He starts by focusing on the cargo of a French slaver during the late years of the eighteenth century. He explores the characteristics of a slave trade through his presentation of the ship and its primary quest. As the ship gets loaded with captured slave at Goree, readers are provided with the concept of how lowly did the early Americans view the African Negroes.The way in which they were â€Å"loaded† to the ship makes the thought of slavery dreadfully equated to the scene of hoarding tools and equipment that will soon be used to gain profits. In general, what makes the story terribly disturbing is the way by which one race maltreats the other because of their difference in color, race, and cultural structures. This was shown when the slaves were stricken with opthalmia during their long, tiring, and devastatingly miserable trip towards San Domingo.During the voyage to the enslaved land, those who failed to meet and satisfy the standards of â€Å"slave eligibility† because of the disabilities that they developed (such as the loss of the sense of sight) were disposed in an inhuman way- being thrown overboard to drown and die. As the slaves reach their unfortunate destination of lifelong enslavement, the story becomes much worse as the once free men take their roles as full-pledged slaves under the rule of â€Å"masters† who treat them disdainfully and without any sign of gratitude and appreciation. However, the drastic enslavement also brings about a positive effect on the part of the Haitians.The slavery drives them to fight. The pain of being treated appallingly and the feeling of being taken away from their home and families eventually evolved into an urge to fight and defend themselves. The slavery of their white fellows transformed them into revolutionaries which eventually became as harsh as they were. Unfortunately, the supposed e nlightenment of the slaves ended in their tragic death. Apathy yields indifference In the story of Babouk, readers were provided with a glimpse of how dreadful early Americans treated their potential slaves.In the story, they showed no signs of remorse in what they were doing. They failed to recognize that Africans like Babouk had the same rights and privileges that they enjoyed. They equated their potential slaves in the same way that they treat beasts of burden and tools for trade and profit. They showed no apathy and acted as if the indifference was a normal part of life and living. In effect, they instilled hatred in the heart of their slaves and they promoted the idea that a human being may treat their fellows in an inhuman way, for as long as they can delineate differences in their race and culture.They showed that violence was normal part of societal interaction and that â€Å"survival of the fittest† exists not only in the jungle. In response to this elaborate show of apathy, they harvested nothing but indifference from their revolutionist slaves. The most disturbing demonstration of this sadistic harvest is when Babouk threw a white child on the ground, struck a pike into its innocent and defenseless body, and used it as a banner. Reference: Endore, Guy (1934). â€Å"Babouk†. New York: Vanguard Press

Why You Want to Join

Welcome parents and guardians. My name isaosfh. I am a student in Ib. Ib is an intense academic program that prepares students for success in university and life in general. Every one of us has goals that they want to accomplish and succeed; Ib helps push our limits and inspires us to reach those goals. Being in high school is different compared to middle school. It has it’s ups and downs. At times the homework load is heavy, and at times it’s not. However, with the right time management and organization skills your child will be just fine. Organization is an important skill you need not only in school but through out life. During middle school you only had one or two assignments you needed to complete, but high school is very different. If you don’t organize your time well, you will be stressed out from the homework load. During the first three weeks when school began, it was a big shock. It felt as if I had lost my social life, and was spending hours staying up late trying to complete projects. This was because I had bad work habits and left everything to the last minute. Because of my disorganization, my marks weren’t as high as they could be, and I wasn’t living up to my full potential. Then one day my teacher explained to us of things we could do to create more time for ourselves. The main thing she kept saying over and over was organization. So slowly, I started to improve my work habits. My first step was using my agenda. It is now my best friend, with it I know exactly what homework we have and I can record the time periods for how long I want to work on the assignment. Instead of doing the assignment all at the last minute, I’ve started breaking it up into little pieces. I am now not as overwhelmed, and I know I’m working harder then ever. By organizing my time I have eliminated any distractions I had in the past, and complete my homework it on time and with care. I now work more efficiently and am able to accomplish tasks. I also have regained my social life!

Ethics Exam 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics Exam 2 - Article Example I begin by defining such basic concepts as good and evil thereby making a decision based on my understanding of the two. As explained, ethics seeks to minimize harm. As such, I often define evil as any action that is likely to cause harm to others. Good, on the other hand, is an action that promises to safeguard the peace, safety and the moral fabric of the society. In analyzing the impacts that a situation or an action may have on the society, I begin by placing myself at the center of the action. This way, I feel the dilemma that one feels before making a decision and understand how any victim of such actions would feel. This way, I make a decision on whether a situation is ethical or not depending on how it affects the people. A situation becomes unethical when it harms or even threatens other members of the society. An ethical action is one that does not injure anyone. An injury in this context implies to both physical and psychological torments (Badiou 67). An abuse, for example, causes a psychological torment to the society. As such, one acts unethically if he or she abuses others in public. The same is the case with a fight, barbaric aggression or even theft since such acts cause physical injuries to the victims and loss of valuables. My thought process considers the social and cultural values. An ethical action preserves the social values while an unethical action violates the values thereby disrupting the social fabric. Moral leadership requires the leader to serve others and in the process lead them towards achieving a particular goal. Moral leaders strive to set perfect examples to their subjects. This way, such leaders persuade and influence the others by making them aspire to achieve the same levels of integrity. Personal integrity is an important feature that enhances the success of a moral leader. Such leaders must prove that they are trustworthy by adhering to the rules that guide their operations at the institution. A

Merit system raises vs. Performance raises Essay

Merit system raises vs. Performance raises - Essay Example Key steps are the main reason to have resulted in the expansion and estimated increase of the annual monetary value contrary to the reduction of annual monetary in the field (Bernanke, 2006). Firstly, the expansion of services of the Agency to South Carolina, secondly, the acquisition of Family Resources, Inc. of Beaufort, SC, which also resulted in staff increase. Finally, it is the strategies that are followed to sensor the environment for needs and adapt to provide solutions following even a restructure in organization hierarchy or proper use of information (Choo, 2001). Growing Home Southeast complied with the former by monitoring client needs to increase productivity and acquiring new skills. Growing Home Southeast is recommended to adopt the merit raise program to further increase productivity. The merit pay program is based on salary increase according to employee productivity and effectiveness (Silva, 1998). As one increases so does the other. Salary increments are not removed if productivity reduces employees therefore, are constantly motivated to achieve high performance. Bearing in mind such a payment program, it is implied that the selling product is appealing to the customer; not even the best marketing approaches can guarantee effective purchases of an indifferent product. Merit pay system is a performance-based system falling under this wider category.

Black people appear disproportionately likely to be arrested and Essay

Black people appear disproportionately likely to be arrested and convicted of offences. Why is this so - Essay Example A. 2005). Recent methodologically sophisticated studies that investigated the relationship between race/ethnicity and sentence severity discovered that â€Å"race and ethnicity do play an important role in contemporary sentencing decisions. Black and Hispanic offenders—and particularly those who are young, male, or unemployed—are more likely than their white counterparts to be sentenced to prison; in some jurisdictions, they also receive longer sentences†¦than do similarly situated white offenders.† (Spohn, C. 2000). Research confirms that blacks are more likely to be stopped in traffic by the police, and black women are nine times more likely to be x-ray Institutional racism ed or subjected to intrusive searches by customs officers in airports. (Norris, C., Fielding, N., Kemp, C., & Fielding, J. 1992). Institutional racism can be defined as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin". (Stokely Carmichael) Figures for 2005 released by the home office indicate that members of black and minority ethnic  (BME)  groups were more likely  to be arrested, or stopped and searched, than  white people At a general level, all Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) groups have a higher account as users of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) when compared to their account as members of the population as a whole. This is especially true for black suspects and offenders. Black people experience a greater chance of being stopped and searched Modern day racism can take many forms, including racial profiling. Racial Profiling is â€Å"any police or private security practice in which a person is treated as a suspect because of his or her race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion.† As per the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) stops can only

A critical study of credit risk management in the first bank of Dissertation

A critical study of credit risk management in the first bank of Nigeria Plc - Dissertation Example Circumstances led to the situation in which the giant loss incurring banks due to subprime crisis have to solely depend on capital flow from Middle East, Chinese and investors from Singapore. Thus major nucleus of these losses has been related to credit risk. Thus the notion of the credit risk management is a grave concern in this world of complex financial milieu and it has become highly essential for the financial institutions to suppress loses arising from credit for sustained long run performance. The obnoxious cases of bank failures, acquisitions, consolidation have steered the focus of management of the financial institutions in restructuring operations, improving asset quality and building loan portfolios with credit risk management as the base structure (Yo & Yusoff, 2009, p.46). Influence of credit risk management on the banks Credit risk management has an overwhelming concern on the financial institutions especially that of a bank. The credit risks in simple language can be defined as the potential which the bank borrower or the counterparty will fail to meet its obligations with various agreed terms. The basic objectives of the credit risk management are directed towards the maximization of the risk adjustment of the bank with the maintenance of the credit risk exposure within the domain of various accepted parameters (which may vary from time to time). The banks basically require managing the credit risk intrinsic in the entire portfolio as well as the risks in the individual credits or the transactions. The banks should be also taking into account the relationships between the credit risk as well as that of the other risks. The effective management of the credit risk can be argued as a crucial component of a comprehensive approach towards risk management and are highly essential to the long-term success of any of the banking organization (Principles for the Management of Credit Risk, 2012, p.1). In the recent decades leading to financial crisis, th e banks have operating in an enhanced competitive market and as an involuntary mechanism being forced in taking more risks for seeking out higher margin actions. Securitization, commercial papers have created the platform where the banks can generate higher margin business by the process of converting the illiquid loans into marketable securities and thus lead to the release of capital for other investment opportunities. Empirical testing reveals that the process of securitization leads to the expansion of credit leading the banks to hold riskier assets (Casu et al, 2010, p.3). From the perspective of the Basel Accord II , securitization exposures the banks have to abide by some norms like that of proper documentation of the objectives, summary of the bank’s policies for securitization and whether there is limitations in the application of sophisticated credit risk management with the securitization method. The credit risk management can be successfully implemented if the ban ks adapt refined techniques for minimizing the risk of the expected losses (Securitization of Credit Exposures: Important Tool of Credit Risk Management under Basel Accord II, 2006, p.598). Technology enhancing the process of credit risk management One of the most important parts in the credit risk management is that of quantifying the risks and it is a very crucial part in the risk management process. From