'Biochemical Action of Bacteria\r'

' clinical: 1. To distinguish the bacterium abilities to metabolize various substrates and shutting products form. 2. To observe the growth of diametric bacterium species in term of structures and its morphology based on different chemical substance applied. 3. To observe physiological and immunologic properties utilized by different species of bacterium. INTRODUCTION: bacteria biochemical examen crowd out determine the types and amount in terms of colony forming units of bacteria state in a sample of different chemical. The exam could be foc employ on a special(prenominal) type of bacteria, medical bacteria or a broad range of environmental bacteria.Since bacteria atomic number 18 present in virtually any environment, it’s important to be clear why the examing is organism actualizeed. The more specific the stressing is the smash and the easier it is to interpret the results. Numbers and types of bacteria that should be a gravel for concern depends upon sever al factors, including the type of bacteria present and the type of samples. Escherichia coli  atomic number 18 one of the briny species of bacteria living in the lower in auditionines of mammals. E. coli  send word be found in the in running gameinal nerve tract of warm-blooded wolfs. The movement of E. coli in foods is conside sanguine to be an attri alonee of fecal contamination.Staphylococcus organisms be commonly found in the environment. Several species of Staphylococcus argon found on the skin, in runningines, nasal passages, etc. of warm-blooded animals. Some species of Staphylococcus, oddly Staphylococcus aureus can be pathogenic are capable of causing illness. genus genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely distributed in soil, water and plants. It survives in hot tubs, whirlpools, contact electron lens solution, sinks and assigners. It can cause a number of opportunistic infections including infections of the skin, external ear canal an d of the eye.Nitrifying bacteria reprocess organic atomic number 7ous materials from ammonium (the endpoint for the dissolution of proteins) to processs. Their presence can indicate that the water whitethorn start out been polluted by north-rich organics from witnesss such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and insecure bollix sites and is undergoing an aerobic form of degradation. The presence of denitrifying bacteria can indicate that the water has been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from sources such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous waste sites. MATERIALS: 1. alimental blood market-gardenings of Escherichia coli . whole many gunstock cultures of Serratia marcescens 3. Nutrient stock cultures of Salmonella typhimurium 4. Nutrient line cultures of Bacillus subtilis 5. Nutrient stock certificate cultures of Klebsiella spp. 6. Nutrient livestock cultures of Streptococcus spp. 7. Nutrient lineage cult ures of Staphylococcus aurieus 8. Nutrient broth cultures of Proteus vulgaris 9. Nutrient broth cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens 10. Parafilm tape 11. Inoculating loops 12. Gloves 13. Incubator 14. Nutrient nutrient agar-agar-agar-agar household 15. Nutrient agar cants 16. Starch agar plates 17. Gelatine agar plates 18. 2 subway systems Clark’s-Lub spiritualist (MR-VP forte) 19. Tryptone broth 20. 3 Kigler’ be gon 21. 5 thermionic valves process broth ( 0. 1% KNO3) 22. 5 carbamide broth 23. subway containing 10ml of sterile saline 24. Glucose broths with shorthorn subway systems and phenol carmine indicator 25. Lactose broths with Durham pipes and phenol fierce indicator 26. Sucrose broths with Durham electron pipeworks and phenol violent indicator 27. Gram’s iodine 28. Kovac’s indol re element 29. Mercuric chloride solution 30. KOH-creatine solution or 40% KOH 31. F&R reagent 32. Nessler’s reagent use: A. CARBOHYDRATE ME TABOLISM 1. Fermentation of sugars Materials: 1. Glucose broths with Durham pipeworks and phenol bolshy indicator 2.Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol deprivation indicator 3. Sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 4. 18 hour nutrient broth cultures of E. coli and S. typhimurium routine: 1) The minute bottles of different sugars were inoculated with a loopfuls of E. coli and Salmonella spp. 2) The tubes were label and incubate at 37oC for 24 hours 3) All observations were preserve for presence of dose or gun doing. 2. Hydrolysis of amylum Materials: 1. Starch agar plates 2. line of descent agar cultures of B. subtilis and E. coli Procedure: 1) Starch plate was measureed with E. coli in for sections and ingeminate for B. ubtilis bacteria in early(a) starch plate. 2) The plates were secured with parafilm, denominate and inoculated at 37oC for 24 hours. The sideline sidereal day 1) The plates were tried and true for starch hydrolysis by f looding the pates with Gram’s iodine. 2) The plates were examined and the colonies that showed clear uncoloured governs in contrast with the blue-black background of the starch-iodine complex were noned. 3) The extent of the zones of hydrolysis indicated either the chromatic colour zones were seen. 4) All results and observations were recorded. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO sexually transmitted disease METABOLIM 1. Indole show Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. ubtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 tubes of tryptone broth 3. Kovac’s indole screen out reagent Procedures: 1) The peptone water was inoculated with a loopfuls of the examination organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The next day 1) The tubes were added with a few drops of Kovac’s indole reagent (dimethyl aminicbenzaldehyde) 2) The red or dark vividness indicates the presence of indole. 4. Hydrogen sulphide Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhi murium 2. 3 Kigler’s slant Procedures: 1) The Kigler’s slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the evidence organism by the stab regularity. ) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 3) The Kigler’ slant was observed for mathematical product of H2S where the black precipitous along the line of growth in the Kigler’s slants indicated the H2S bewilder been lay tidy sumd. 4) The observations were recorded. 3. Gelatine hydrolysis mental essay Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. Gelatine agar plates 3. Mercuric chloride solution Procedures: 3) The gelatine agar plates were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism with a single streak at the centre of the plates. ) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 5) The plates were flooded with mercuric chloride solution. 6) The specialty belong opaque in regions that still contain gelatine and clear regions where gelatine has been hydrolysed. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER scrutiny Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. 2. 2 tubes of Clark-Lub’s medium (MR-VP medium) 3. KOH-creatine solution Procedures: 1) The tubes of Clark-Lub’s medium (MR-VP medium) were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tubes were labelled and incubated for 24 hours.The following day 1) The tubes were tested with Voges-Proskauer test. 2) The 0. 5ml of KOH-creatine solutuin was addd. 3) The tube was shaked vigorously for 30 seconds. 4) The red or pink glossiness indicates the presence of acetoin. D. CATALASE TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Nutrient agar slant Procedures: 1) The nutrient agar slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with catalase test by adding several drops of a 5% solution of total heat peroxide. ) The vigorous bubbling indicates the presence of oxygen. E. NITRATE simplification TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, Proteus vugaris, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens. 2. 5 tubes containing nitrate broth (0. 1% KNO3) 3. process test reagent Procedures: 1) The nitrate broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with 1ml of Follet and Ratcliff’s (F&R reagent) 2) The orangeness or brown food color indicates the presence of nitrate. 3) The absorbed of nitrate indicates that: a.There has been no nitrate reducing b. The drop-off has proceeded beyond that nitrate stage. 4) The absent of orange or brown color were promote tested with small amount of cadmium to the tube. If nitrate still present, it impart be catalytically substitute to nitrate which depart then reacts with the F&R reagent in th e tube. 5) In the absent of a confirmatory nitrate result, the bubbles f H2 gas was observed in the Durhams tube OR 6) The samples were tested with 1ml of Nessler’s reagent. The brown or orange color indicates the presence of ammonia water. F. UREASE TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, P. vugaris, S. arcescens, P. fluorescens. 2. 5 urea broth with indicator Procedures: 1) The urea broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The urease-positive organism produced in intense red/purple coloration of the medium later on incubation. 2) All observations were recorded. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION: try out| Observation(After 24 hours incubation)| Description| A. Carbohydrate Test 1. Fermentation of starchDurham tubes and phenol-red indicator. 2. Hydrolysis of starch| Glucose: Lactose: Sucrose: Starch agar plates:B. ubtilisE. coli| * irrefutable result for E. coli as tube address sensa tionalistic * corroborative result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive result for E. coli as tube turn yellow * No gas produced by S. typhimium because the tube turns red. * No gas produced by E. coli because the tube is slightly red. * Positive result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive zone of clearing. * invalidating zone of clearing. | B. Protein And Amino acrid Metabolism 1. Indole test 2. Hydrogen disulphide 3. Gelatine hydrolysis test| Tryptone broth:B. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimuriumKigler’s slant:B. subtilisE. oli. S. typhimuriumGelatine agar plates:B. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimurium| * controvert Indole tests no color flip-flop. * Bright fuschia at the interface is positive test for Indole. * ban Indole tests no color change. * Black precipitate form shows positive sulphur lessening. * Negative reaction. * Positive reaction forming the black precipitate. * Positive hydrolysis of gelatine into amino acid to be used as nutrients/gelatina se. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine| C. Voges- Proskaeur’s Test| MR-VP medium:E. coli. Klebsiella spp. | * Negative results of E. oli * Positive results Klebsiella spp. | D. Catalase Test| Nutrient agar slant:S. aureusStreptococcus spp. | S. aureus * Positive catalase reaction because present of bubblesStreptococcus spp. * Negative catalase reaction no bubbles present. | E. Nitrate Reduction Test| Nitrate broth:E. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. fluorenscens| * No color change after denitrification of ammonia. * No color change after denitrification of ammonia. * Turns red. Positive nitrate test shows nitrate reductase present. * Turns red but disconfirming catalase test. | F. Urease Test| Urea broth:E. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. luorenscens| * Negative urease test because the tube remain purple. * P. vulgaris show positive urease test from yellow to pinkish. * S. marcescens show minus urease test because the color remain purple. * P. fluorenscens show disconfirming urease test because the color remain purple. | DISCUSSION: biochemical tests of bacteria oobjectively to test the transfiguration of carbohydrate and think products of different bacteria species, test specific partition of products through color changes and gas produced. Besides that, the qualification of bacteria utilizes a specific substance and the metamorphosis of protein and amino acid by bacteria.A. CARBOHYDRATE TEST Carbohydrate is an organic mix that consists of only century, heat centre and oxygen which is basically the major carbon source of most organisms. Specific carbohydrate can be fermented by organism that incorporated in a medium producing red or acid with gas. pink red color shows positive results where acidic content formed in the tube because carbon dioxide gain if excitement occur. Negative catabolism of carbohydrate shows by yellow to colourless of Durham’s tube as the solution remain alkaline in the absent of carbon dioxide gas.Gas production can be seen as bubbles in Durham’s tube. profound carbohydrate metabolism or the breakdown of sugars into smaller compounds accompanied by the production of ATP and diminution of coenzymes, follows one of several pathway. Carbohydrate utilization and fermentation give be assessed by growing cells without shiver (aeration) in defined media containing a single carbohydrate. Acid products of sugar fermentation testament cause a noticeable color change in the pH indicator included in the medium.Sugar fermentation does not produce alkaline product, however non-fermentative hydrolysis of amino acids in the peptone, present in most fermentation media, whitethorn give an alkaline reaction, which will also cause a color change in the pH indicator. Gas production, H2 in particular, can be determine by placing a small, inverted Durham tube in the test medium. If gas is produced, it is trapped in the Durham tube and can be seen as a bubble. Hydro gen sulfide (H2S) is produced by bacterial anaerobiotic degradation of the two sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine.Hydrogen sulfide is released as a by-product when carbon and nitrogen atoms in the amino acids are consumed as nutrients by the cells. Under anaerobic conditions the sulfhydryl (-SH) group on cysteine is cut back by cysteine desulfurase. Ferrous ammonium sulphate-indicator. H2S reacts with ferric sulfate forming the black precipitate Sodium thiosulfate is take downd to sulphite/thiosulfate The Kliglers fight test is used to detect liberation of H2S gas by bacteria growing on an profusion of these sulfur-containing amino acids. The agar contains high levels of peptones or sources of cysteine and methionine and ferrous sulfate as an indicator.When H2S is produced, the ferrous ion reacts with it to give ferrous sulfide, an insoluble black precipitate. In starch hydrolysis test Iodine must be on the plate to visualize the zone of clearing surround ing the bacteria. This zone indicates starch was broken down to dextrins, maltose, and glucose. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM Indole test measures the skill of bacteria to split indole from tryptophane molecule but in term of biochemistry, Indole test is one of the metabolic degradation products of the amino acid tryophan.Bacteria that possess the enzyme trytophanase are capable of hydrolysing and deaminating tryptophan with the production of Indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia. Positive reaction showed by E. coli, P. vulgaris and negative results observed in Klebsiella and Salmonella from observation in the Indole test. study of fuchsia red color at the interface of the reagent and the broth within seconds after adding the reagent is indicative of the presence of Indole and is a positive test. Kovac’s reagent detects if tryptophan has been hydrolyzed to indol or tryptophanase.Gelatin is the protein derived from the animal protein collagen, has been used as a solidifying agent in food for a long while besides nutrient gelatine as an ab pilot burner type of solid growth medium. One enigma is that many an(prenominal) bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze or liquefy the gelatin. This gelatin liquefaction ability forms the buns for this test. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST The production of acetoin by bacteria is perform through Voges Proskauer Test to determine the ability of the organisms to produce soggy end product acetyl methyl carbinol (acetoin) from glucose fermentation.Negative results gained from E. coli meanwhile positive reaction gives by. Changing of color to red pinkish color at the grow of the medium indicated positive results and yellow color at the surface of the medium show negative reaction. The KOH reagent should not be excessively added to the sample because excess KOH may mask weak VP positive reactions. The MR test will be positive for organisms that have complete pathways for meld acid fermentation. The Voges-Proskauer (VP) t est determines whether a specific neutral metabolic intermediate, acetoin, has been produced kinda of acid from glucose.Acetoin is the last intermediate in the butanediol pathway, which is a common fermentation pathway in B. subtilis. The tests are complementary in the sentience that often a bacterium will give a positive reaction for one test and a negative reaction for the new(prenominal). The three practicable patterns of results where the acetoin fermentation pathway, detected by the VP test, two molecules of pyruvate abbreviate and two molecules of CO2 are released. The 4 carbon intermediate that is formed, acetoin, contains a carbonyl group. The acetoin acts as a terminal electron acceptor with the carbonyl group being taked to a hydroxyl group.The reduced product, butanediol, is excreted by the bacteria and acetoin is oxidized to diacetyl by alkaline -naphthol, which forms a red complex with creatinine. D. CATALASE TEST Catalase is present in most cytochrome containing aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria except Streptococcus spp. Hydrogen peroxide forms as one of the oxidative end product of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism. If hydrogen peroxide allowed accumulating in the bacterial cells it becomes lethal to the bacteria. Catalases help in converting H2O2 to water and oxygen.In the catalase test performed, Streptococcus spp gives negative reaction as for S. aureus, the positive reaction occurred. One of the by-products of oxidation- lessening in the presence of O2 during aerobic respiration is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This compound is highly reactive and must be quick in the cytoplasm of the cell producing it. It can be especially damaging to molecules of DNA. Most aerobes synthesize the enzyme catalase, which breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen. The O2 gas is identified by the production of bubbles from a concentrated cell suspension.The test for catalase is unproblematic and usually very reliable. It is a major method of distinguis hing between Staphylococcus (catalase positive), Streptococcus (catalase negative), and Enterococcus (catalase negative), although some strains of Enterococcus faecalis may be positive. Catalase production is generally associated with aerobic organisms, since H2O2 is a toxic by-product of aerobic growth, but not always. E. NITRATE REDUCTION TEST Nitrate reduction test basically test the ability of organism to reduce the nitrate to nitrites of free nitrogen gas.In put up to determine either the bacteria can reduce nitrate, the test organism is inoculated into nitrate reduction broth, obscure medium that contains large amounts of nitrate (KNO3). After incubation, reagent added at the alike(p) time reacts with nitrite and turn to red color, indicating a positive nitrate reduction. If there is no color change at this step, nitrite is absent. If the nitrate is unreduced and till in its original form, this would be a negative nitrate reduction result. However it is realistic that the nitrate was reduced to nitrite but has been further reduced to ammonia or nitrogen gas.This would be recorded as positive nitrate reduction result. Under anaerobic conditions, some bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3-) as an external terminal electron acceptor. This kind of metabolism is analogous to the use of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor by aerobic organisms and is called anaerobic respiration. Nitrate is an oxidized compound and there are several steps possible in its reduction. The initial step is the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). Several possible products can be made from further reduction of nitrite. Possible reduced end products include the following N2, NH3 (ammonia), N2O (nitrous oxide).Bacteria vary in their ability to perform these reactions, a useful characteristic for identification. A medium that will support growth must be used and the cells must be grown anaerobically. Growth in the presence of oxygen will decrease or eliminate nitrate re duction. There are many possible end products of nitrate reduction such as nitrite, nitrogen gas (N2), nitrous oxides, ammonia, and hydroxylamine. The disappearing of nitrate or the appearance of the end products. The test relies on the production of nitrous acid from the nitrite. This, in turn, reacts with the iodide in the reagent to produce iodine.The iodine then reacts with the starch in the reagent to produce a blue color. Since some of the possible products of NO3- reduction are gaseous, a Durham tube is sometimes inverted in the culture tube to trap gases. This being the case, it is important to pre-test the medium to ensure no detectable nitrite is present at the beginning, and, in the case of a negative test, to reduce any nitrate to nitrite to determine whether the nitrite was also reduced. If nitrite is produced, it reacts with haemoglobin to give a bright red color, instead of the dark red color of hemoglobin.It is this reaction that is trustworthy for the color of mea ts, such as hot dogs, which are preserved with sodium nitrite. The blood agar test has the advantage of no color change occurring if the nitrite is further reduced. F. UREASE TEST Urease test mainly highlighted to determine the ability of the organism to split urea forming 2 molecules of ammonia by the action of the enzyme Urease with resulting alkalinity. Negative reaction shown by E. coli meanwhile Klebsiella spp. shows positive result. Extra precaution infallible because both the urease test medium depend upon the demo of alkalinity that not specific for urease.Moreover the protein hydrolysis may result I alkalinity hence false positive may be seen in Pseudomonas. The false positivity can be eliminated by control test using the same medium without urea as recommendation. Urea is a nitrogenous waste product of animals. Some bacteria can cleaved it to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia is a nitrogen source for amino acid biogeny as well as for synthesis of other nit rogen-containing molecules in the cell. The urease test was devised to distinguish Proteus species from other enterics.The medium described here is buffered enough so that weak urease producers appear negative. The production of ammonia raises the pH of the medium. The indicator phenol red is present in the broth. Phenol red is orange-yellow at pH downstairs than 6. 8, and turns bright pinkish-red at pH higher than 8. 1. Hence, a positive urea test is denoted by the change of medium color from yellow to pinkish red. deduction: Based on the laboratory, different bacteria species have different abilities to metabolize various substrates and end products formed were able to be observed and distinguished.\r\n'